Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 101 > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Cellular respiration Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define respiration

A

is a metabolic process that result in the release of energy and an increase in the available energy ATP from organic substrates (carbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Write the chemical equation of the respiration of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO@ +6H2O+ energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the respiratory quotient

A

it compares the amount of carbon dioxide produced to the amount of oxygen used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A reaction with the RQ>1

A

Anaerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A reaction with the RQ<= 1

A

Aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The two types of respiration

A

aerobic in the presence of oxygen break down of substrate to inorganic compounds. anaerobic without oxygen breakdown to products such as lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the needs/uses of energy within the body ?

A

Active transport/ mechanical work/ electrical discharge/ maintenance of the body temperature in warm blooded animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The benefits of the oxidation of glucose happening in small stages

A

allowing for control and improve harnessing of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to lower the activation energy for the oxidation of glucose?

A

the use of enzymes/ the phosphorylation of glucose to raise its energy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The formation and breakdown of ATP is catalysed by?

A

ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(the general concept of ATP formation) ATP is formed when…

A

a chemical reaction release sufficient energy to bind phosphate to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The nucleotide in both ATP and ADP is

A

Adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The two ways in which ATP can be formed

A

Substrate phosphorylation and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define substrate phosphorylation

A

the energy from a chemical reaction used to bind organic phosphate from a substrate with ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy available from redox reaction (electron transfer) used to add inorganic phosphate to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The four steps of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis- Link reaction- Krebs cycle- oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what which stages substrate phosphorylation happens?

A

Glycolysis- Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glycolysis make…. from…..

A

2 pyruvate(3C)-one glucose(6C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glycolysis is (anaerobic/aerobic)

A

Anaerobic since no oxygen needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The two stages of glycolysis are

A

Phosphorylation and oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The products of glycolysis

A

4 ATP (gain only2) 2 pyruvate and 2 Nadh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

After the glycolysis what happens to the products?

A

The two Nadh go to oxidative phosphorylation while the two pyruvate get actively transported into the matrix of the mitochondria for the link reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where does the end reaction take place
The mitochondria matrix
26
The substrate and end product of a link reaction
2 Pyruvate (substrate)- 2 acetyl coenzyme A- 2 Nadh -2CO2
27
The steps within a link reaction
decarboxylating of pyruvate ( loss of c in the form of co2) then oxidation ( Nad will be Nadh)→acetate (2c) addition of coenzyme A→acetyl coenzyme (2c)
28
Krebs cycle happens in...
matrix of the mitochondria
29
the Krebs cycle is a series of.....
oxidation-reduction reactions
30
During the Krebs cycle acetyl coenzyme A combines with... to form...
with a four carbon molecule oxaloacetate to form a six carbon molecule citrate
31
the product of combining acetyl coenzyme A with oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle
citrate(6c)
32
The products of(2) Krebs cycle
4CO2(waste)- 6NADH-2FADH-2 coenzyme A- 2ATP( goes back to the link reaction)
33
which step of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
34
oxidative phosphorylation involves..... and .....
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
35
The electron transport chain is made up of.....
Electron carriers
36
In the electron transport chain. Protons move down an electrochemical gradient from the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix through....
ATP synthase
37
Define chemiosmosis
The movement of protons down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase that produce ATP
38
In the mitochondrial matrix at the end of the transport electron transport chain
protons and electrons and O2 (from the blood) combine to form water
39
How many ATP molecules are made per 1 glucose
38ATP
40
How many ATP are made in the glycolysis
8ATP remember 2NADH+2ATP=8ATP
41
How many ATP molecules are made in the link reaction
6ATP(2NADH)
42
How many ATP molecules are made in the Krebs cycle?
24ATP molecule (2NADH+4NADH+2FADH+2ATP)
43
How many ATP molecules are produced from an electron transport chain
34ATP
44
The 3 binding sites of ATP synthase
1- binding ADP and Pi/ 2- forming tightly bound ATP/ 3-releasing ATP
45
The kind of energy produced from the electrons passing through the electron transport chain and used for the production of ATP
is an electrical potential energy
46
What makes chloroplasts and mitochondria perfect places for storing the difference of hydrogen ions (protons)
They are impermeable to hydrogen ions allowing the ions yo pass only through a channel
47
In electron transport chain to synthesise 1 ATP how many hydrogens do u need
3
48
ATP is formed in
The matrix
49
How efficient is respiration of 1 mole of glucose
1x38x30.66kj=1165kj 1165kj/3000kj x 100 = 40% and 60% heat!!
50
in anaerobic respiration pyruvate is converted to
to lactate in animals and ethanol in plants
51
lactate fermentation requires...
NADH
52
How come anaerobic keeps going?
During the fermentation of lactate NADH is oxidised so NAD is produced. It goes to glycolysis and the cycle continues until there is no need for more ATP
53
Why does the body resort to anaerobic respiration in the absence of O2
If oxygen is not present then the electron transport chain can not happen since O2 is the final electron acceptor. Moreover, NADH can not be converted to NAD. There is no nad in glycolysis to collect the protons (hydrogen), so glycolysis can not happen. The cells evolved anaerobic respiration to re-oxidise reduced nad.
54
When anaerobic respiration is done where does the lactate go?
from muscles in the blood to the liver
55
How does the liver deal with lactate?
Re-oxidised to pyruvate. Then, further broken down for energy release or glycolysis is reversed and "energy" is stored as glycogen
56
how many ATP molecules are produced in anaerobic respiration?
2 ATP
57
Where does most of the energy from anaerobic respiration go?
Heat and most go in lactate .
58
Short term effects of anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid build up in muscle and blood cells changes pH which causes weakness in muscles(affects the enzymes and neuromuscular junctions) Feelings of tiredness, pain, muscle tightness
59
The extra oxygen used for the removal of lactic acid from the liver is referred to as
oxygen debt
60
Short term effects of exercising
ATP depletion/ Increased O2 uptake/ increased blood to the muscles/ decreased blood to the intestine/ increased lactic acid / increased breakdown of glycogen and fatty acids/ the high energy bonds in creatine phosphate are broken in the muscles
61
muscle cells store ATP in the form of
Creatine phosphate
62
what is a resting heart rate
the number of times your heart beat per minute
63
what is a stroke volume
the amount of blood per beat
64
Long term effect of exercising on the heart and circulation?
Increase in the size of the heart and the thickness of the left ventricular muscle/ decreased heart resting rate/ increased stroke volume/ increase in the concentration of erythrocytes/ increased capillary network in muscles/ decrease in blood pressure
65
Long term effects of exercising on the lungs
increased vital capacity/ tidal volume
66
Long term effects of exercising on the muscles
increased stores of creatine phosphate, glycogen and fatty acids/ increased number of mitochondria/ increased Krebs cycle enzymes/ increased sarcomere diameter/ increased myoglobin
67
How come exercising improves the resistance to infections ?
because of improved blood circulation, which helps white blood cells travel faster to the sites of infection. In addition, circulation helps in the removal of toxins supporting the immune system
68
define cardiac output
is the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute (dm3/minute)
69
define stroke volume
is the volume of blood ejected out of each ventricle per beat
70
define heart rate
is the number of times the heart beats per one minutes ( number of cardiac cycles per one minutes)
71
The factors affecting the cardiac output
the stroke volume and heart rate
72
how to find the cardiac output
cardiac output= stroke volume heart rate
73
the cardiac output at rest vs the cardiac output during strenuous exercising
at rest 5 dm3 per minute, raising up to 35 dm3 per minute
74
who determine/ control the heart rate
two autonomic nerves sympathetic and parasympathetic that link between the cardiovascular centre in the brain and the SA node in the heart
75
The effect of the sympathetic nerve system on the heart rate
during exercise or excitement the stimulated sympathetic nerve will release noradrenaline into the terminus between it and the SA node. the heart rate will increase
76
The effect of the parasympathetic nerve system on the heart rate
In resting the stimulated parasympathetic nerve release acetylcholine into the terminus between it and the SA node
77
The function of noradrenaline on the heart
increases the heart rate
78
the function of the hormone adrenaline
increases the heart rate and force of contraction
79
The cardiovascular centre is in the ?
medulla oblongata
80
The sympathetic nerves innervate ...... and....
the walls of the ventricles and SA node
81
The stroke volume is determined by.....
the end-diastolic volume
82
How come exercising increase the stroke volume
exercising increases the volume of blood that enters the heart therefore increasing the end-diastolic volume. contraction of skeletal muscles during exercise, squeezes on the veins and increases venous return to the heart. this increases the end diastolic volume and hence the stroke volume. the increased rate and depth of breathing during exercise create a sucking action on the veins near the heart
83
Starling's Law of the heart
the greater the extent the heart is stretched by the end-diastolic volume, the greater the force of contraction is going to be
84

Biology 101 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions