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Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

The central nervous system includes

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes

A

the nerves between the central nervous system and receptors or effectors

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system is separated into (organisation)

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous

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4
Q

The peripheral somatic nervous system is responsible for

A

Voluntary actions ( motor / sensory to/from skeletal muscles

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5
Q

The peripheral autonomic nervous system is responsible for

A

involuntary action ( motor neurones to internal organs)

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6
Q

The autonomic nervous system has the …. and the ….. systems

A

parasympathetic and the sympathetic

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7
Q

The nervous system that controls organs at rest

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

The nervous system that controls organs in stress

A

sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

Compare the pathway/ organisation of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems

A

In the parasympathetic nervous system the pathways begin in the brain or at the bottom or top of the spinal cord. The neurones keep going till right inside the organ where they synapse with a motor neurone. in the sympathetic nervous system, the cell bodies of its motor neurones are in the ganglia outside the spinal cord. From these ganglia sympathetic motor axons pass to all organs of the body and synapse with muscles

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10
Q

The transmitter that is usually liberated at the sympathetic and parasympathetic synapses

A

sympathetic noradrenaline. parasympathetic acetylcholine.

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11
Q

The transmitter at the parasympathetic synapse

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

The transmitter at the sympathetic synapses

A

Usually noradrenaline. for the stimulation of the sweat glands, hair erector muscles and some blood vessels acetylcholine

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13
Q

organs both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ends in

A

salivary glands /heart/ bronchi/ bladder/ genitals

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14
Q

sympathetic endings that are not shared

A

pupils/ liver/ adrenaline glands (kidney)/ stomach small intestine

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15
Q

parasympathetic endings that are not shared

A

eye/ pancreas/ stomach pyloric sphincter/ large intestine / anal sphincter

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16
Q

The function of the SNS vs PNS

A

SNS flight or fight / PNS rest and digest

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17
Q

What happens to pupils during fight or flight

A

(sympathetic) capillary set wider and pupils dilates gets wider

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18
Q

what happens to pupils in different intensity of light

A

capillaries get narrower and pupils contract and gets smaller

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19
Q

what muscle is responsible for the pupils contractions (change in diameter)

A

the sphincter muscles which are the radical na the circular muscle

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20
Q

the dark space in the eye

A

the pupil

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21
Q

the coloured part of the eye that contain the radical and circular muscles

A

the iris

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22
Q

The contraction of the radical muscles causes the pupils to ?

A

widens

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23
Q

The cases where the SNS stimulate the radical muscles to contracts and widens the pupils

A

Dim light/ fear/ excitement

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24
Q

in the case of bright light what happens to the eyes

A

the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the circular muscles to contract narrowing the pupils

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25
define reflexes
They are fast automatic protective biological control systems that link a stimulus to a response
26
why are reflexes involuntary
this is bc the central nervous system sends electrical signals to the muscles be4 the brain can pick up the message
27
many reflexes are occur naturally however some are learned
conditioned responses
28
What are receptors?
They are specialised cells that can detect stimulus
29
information gathered by the receptors is sent to the central nervous system by
sensory neurones
30
After receiving the info from the sensory neurone, the CNS
makes decisions
31
The nerve cells in the central nervous system are called
relay neurones
32
The CNS sends its decision to an effector via
a motor neurone
33
Effectors are
muscles and glands
34
Reflexes are fast because:
impulses occur because of diffusion over a short distance/ the axons of the neurones are myelinated/ there is 1 or 2 synapses to slow down the response/ the neurones are long with no breaks so little resistance
35
what are neurones?
They are specialised cells that conduct electrical impulses through the body
36
what is a nerve
a nerve is many nerve fibres enclosed within a protective sheath. nerve fibres are the axons of neurones
37
Thin projections that connect the neurone with other neurones
dendrites
38
The myelin sheath is a
lipid
39
Neurones consist of .... and ...
cell body and an axon
40
sensory neurones transmit massages from... to....
receptor cells to the central nervous system
41
Characteristics of relay neurones
- they do not have a myelin sheath, so impulses are slower in them/ they make the grey matter in the cns
42
Motor neurones transmit messages from... to...
the central nervous system to the effectors (muscle or glands)
43
specialised cells that from myelin over the axons
Schwann cells
44
The exposed part of the axon is called
Node of Ranvier
45
What is resting potential
it is the readiness state of the neurone to conduct impulses where there's an imbalance of the ions distribution creating an electrochemical gradient between the inside and the outside of the neurone
46
resting potential is made by
active transport and facilitated diffusion
47
The value of the resting potential is around
-70mV
48
The two stages of the action potential are
depolarisation and repolarisation
49
During depolarisation the inside of the cell will become
positive
50
For depolarisation to happen.... has to be overcome
the threshold of -50mv
51
According to All or none principle, the action potential is generated only if
the threshold of -50mV was overcome
52
..... are rapid depolarisations of the membrane
impulses
53
the time between an action potential and the next ( the delay between the action potentials)
the refractory period
54
impulses can only travel in one direction due to
the refractory period
55
The difference between impulses/ action potentials is detected by
their frequencies along a neurone
56
The speed of an impulse
8m/s
57
Absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period
NA+ channels are inactive no chance of an action potential no matter how strong the stimuli are/ the membrane is healing some NA+ channels re opened an. However, the threshold is greater than the normal
58
Depolarisation occur at
the nodes of Ranvier
59
non-myelinated neurones
Relay neurones
60
Describe the way the action potential jumps from one nose of Ranvier to the next
Saltatory conduction
61
A junction between two neurones across which signals pass
Synapse
62
a narrow 20nm gap between two neurones
synaptic cleft
63
An action potential can not cross the synaptic cleft, so nerve impulses are carried by chemicals called
neurotransmitters
64
Pre-synaptic neurone= post-synaptic neurone=
neurone sending impulse neurone receiving impulse
65
Neurotransmitter is made by...... neurone and is stored in..... at the end of the axon
pre-synaptic neurone synaptic vesicles
66
The membrane of the post-synaptic neurone has chemical-gated ion channels called
neuroreceptors
67
Neuroreceptors on the post-synaptic neurone are..... gated
Chemical gated
68
How is an action potential transmitted through a synapse?
The action potential arrives at the axon terminal/ the voltage gated channels are triggered, so the open allowing the ca ions in the pre-synaptic neurone/ the ca ions trigger the neurotransmitter vesicles to release the neurotransmitter through exocytosis into the synaptic clefts/ The neurotransmitter binds to the neuroreceptors on the post-synaptic neurone/ an action potential is initiated
69
Synapses that have acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter are called.....
Cholinergic synapses
70
What happens at a cholinergic synapse?
The action potential arrives at the axon terminal/ Ca ion voltage gated channels open/ Ca ions get into the pre-synaptic neurone/ neurotransmitter vesicles with acetylcholine move towards the neurone membrane and acetylcholine is released through exocytosis/ acetylcholine diffuses through the synaptic cleft and binds with the specific neuroreceptors on the post-synaptic neurone. Sodium ion voltage gated channels open/ if the stimulus is strong enough an action potential is triggered/ acetylcholine is broken down into choline and ethanoic acid/ these products diffuse back to the pre-synaptic neurone where acetylcholine is resynthesises using ATP
71
In excitatory synapses an....... is created due to the inflow of sodium ions that will make the membrane more..... to signals
excitatory post-synaptic potential- receptive
72
In inhibitory synapses an.... is created due to the inflow of ...... making the neurone.....
inhibitory post-synaptic potential- potassium and chloride ions- hyperpolarised
73
The three synapses an the state of the membrane hyper or de polarised
cholinergic and excitatory depolarised inhibitory hyperplarised
74
The drugs with the effect of switching on a synapse, they have to
mimic, stimulate, open and inhibit mimic the neurotransmitter stimulate the release of the neurotransmitter open the neuroreceptor channels inhibit the breakdwown enzymes
75
The drugs with the effect of switching off the synapses
they block the neuroreceptors
76
drugs with the effect of stopping the action potential
inhibit the Na+K+AtPase pump Block the Na+ or K+ channels
77
The effect of nicotine
(mimic) nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors and opens the channel for Na+ ions
78
The effect of atropine
(block the neuroreceptors) atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors and block them, so it will not allow for the sodium channels to open
79
The importance or function of synapses
Allow information to pass from one neurone to another/ help ensure that a nerve impulse travels in one direction/ allow the next neurone to be excited or inhibited/ can amplify a signal/ protect nerve networks by not firing when over stimulated/ can filter out low stimuli/ aid information processing by the action of summation / are modifiable and can form a physical basis for memory
80
what the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation
spatial summation: summation for two or more impulses arriving down different neurones at the same time temporal summation: summation of two or more imposes one after the other rapidly down the same neurone
81
a neuromuscular junction is between
a motor neurone and the sarcolemma( the membrane of the postsynaptic muscle cell)
82
The..... of sarcolemma leads to the contraction of the muscle
depolarisation
83
a hormone is produced from....
endocrine glands
84
hormones are transported in.....
the blood
85
hormones can affect
only target cells
86
The effects of hormones are...... lasting
medium to long lasting
87

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