Cellular respiration Flashcards
What is phosphorylation?
ATP carries out phosphorylation reactions in cells (adding phosphates two things) this is an enzyme controlled process
Stages of glycolysis
Glucose ATP ➡️ADP + Pi Glucose-6-Phosphate Intermediate ATP ➡️ ADP + Pi Intermediate 4ADP+Pi ➡️ 4ATP and NAD➡️NADH Pyruvate
Citric acid cycle
Pyruvate ↩️CO2 and NAD ➡️NADH Acetyl Coenzyme A (combines with oxaloacetate) Citrate ↩️CO2 and NAD ➡️NADH Intermediate ↩️CO2 and NAD ➡️NADH Intermediate ↩️CO2 and FAD ➡️FADH2 Intermediate NAD➡️NADH Oxaloacetate ADP+Pi➡️ATP
Electron transport chain
- NAD and FAD Coenzymes release hydrogen
- H+ ions travel from matrix through inner mitochondria membrane through proteins
- H+ ions travel back across the inner mitochondrial membrane and through an enzyme called ATP synthase into the matrix of the mitochondria
- Oxygen is the final hydrogen accepter and they combine to give H2o
How much ATP does each stage of respiration give?
Glycolysis - 2ATP
Citric acid cycle - 1ATP
Electron transport chain - 35ATP
Carbohydrates as a substrate in respiration
Starch (held in plants) and glucose (stored by animals) Are both composed of glucose molecules so can be converted to glucose
Surose is converted to fructose then glucose
Fats as a substrate in respiration
Broken down into fatty acid’s and glycerol
Fatty acid’s are metabolised into molecular fragments that into the pathway as acetyl-CoA for use in the citric acid cycle
Glycerol is converted to a glycolic intermediate
Proteins as a substrate in respiration
Broken down to amino acids by digestive enzymes
Used in protein synthesis or urea
What is a fermentation pathway?
This is the process by which a little energy is derived from the partial breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen
In fermentation in animals what does pyruvate convert to?
Lactic acid
In fermentation in plants what does pyruvate convert to?
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
