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Biochemistry > Central Dogma > Flashcards

Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

What did Watson and Crick mean by Central Dodgma

A

it means THE PROCESS flow in one direction

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2
Q

How does DNA chnaged to protein

A

DNA is replicated then transcripted to RNA and then translated to protein

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3
Q

What is the substrate that encodes its metabolism

A

DNA

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4
Q

What are 3 fundamental rules of replication

A

semiconservative, bidirectional, semidiscontinous

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5
Q

What DNA replication being semiconservative mean

A

each strand of template DNA is being copied

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6
Q

DNA replication is bidrectional means

A

involves 2 replication forks moving in opposite direction

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7
Q

DNA replication is semidicontinous means

A

leading strand copies continuously

lagging strand copies in segments (Okazaki fragment) which must be joined

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8
Q

What enzyme starts the DNA replication process

A

Helicase which unwinds DNA

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9
Q

How many origins of replication does Eukaryote have

A

multiple

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10
Q

What happens after every 300 kbp of DNA

A

depending on the organism , there is a replication origin or replicator to ensure DNA replication occurs contunously

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11
Q

In lower eukaryotes what is found to ensure DNA replication occurs continuously in chromosome

A

Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) in 100-200bp

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12
Q

In mammalian chromosomes, is there a specific sequence of origin

A

no, zones of replicators span between 500-50,000 bp

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13
Q

How does the size of genome affect synthesis

A

the bigger the genome, the slower the synthesis

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14
Q

What is the orientation for leading strand

A

5’ to 3’

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15
Q

How many regions does DNA polymerase have

A

2 regions : insertion and post insertion site

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16
Q

Describe insertion site of DNA polymerase

A

where incoming nucleotides bind

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17
Q

Describe Post insertion site of DNA polymerase

A

where the newly made base pair resides when the polymerase moves forward

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18
Q

What sits in the ACtive site of the DNA polymerase

A

2 magnesium ions

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19
Q

What happens when polymerase mispairs dC with dT

A

exonuclease hydrolyzes the misplaced dC and polymerase incorporates correct nucleotide,dA

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20
Q

How many DNA polymerase are in E.coli

A

atleast 5

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21
Q

What is the primary function of DNA polymerase I

A

clean up

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22
Q

What is the principal replication polymerase in E.coli

A

Polymerase III

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23
Q

Which DNA polymerase is used to make okazaki fragments

A

DNA Pol alpha, has no proofreading

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24
Q

which DNA polymerase is used in leading strand synthesis

A

DNA Pol E

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25
Q

Which DNA Polymerase is used in lagging strand synthesis

A

DNA poL &

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26
Q

What enzyme makes a bond between a 3’ OH and a 5’-PO4

A

DNA ligase

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27
Q

What activates the 5’-PO4 of the lagging tsrand

A

attachment of AMP

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28
Q

What happens when the 3’OH nucleophile attacks the 5’phosphate

A

displacement of AMP

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29
Q

Which DNA damage occurs from occasional incorporation of incorrect nucleotides

A

Mismatches

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30
Q

Which DNA damage arise from spontaneous deamination, chemical alkylation or exposure to free radicals

A

abnormal bases

31
Q

Which DNA damage forms when DNA is exposed to UV light

A

pyrimidine dimers

32
Q

Which DNA damage from from exposure to ionizing radiation, free radicals

A

Backbone lesions

33
Q

What happens when the RNA primers are removed from the lagging strand

A

shortened at each cell division

34
Q

the ends of DNA containing a tandem repetitive sequence called

A

Telomeres

35
Q

——– fix the problem of rnd replication

A

Telomeres

36
Q

If nothing is done, chromosome shortening leads to

A

cell death

37
Q

Which side of the chromosome does the telomere sequence (acting as a DNA) add to

A

3’ side

38
Q

How is the problem of linear ends being recognized as broken fixed

A

telemores, shelterin complex, the d-loop and t-loop

39
Q

Where is DNA compacted in?

A

Nucleus

40
Q

What are the 3 well-understood roles of RNA in living cells

A

Messenger RNAs, Transfer RNAs, Ribosomal RNAs

41
Q

Which RNA encodes the amino acid sequence of all polypeptides

A

Messenger RNAs

42
Q

Which RNA matches specific amino acids to triplet codons in mRNA during protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA

43
Q

which RNA is the constituents and catalytic appropriate amino acids

A

ribosomal RNA

44
Q

which RNA appears to regulate the expression of genes, possibly via binding to specific nucleotide sequences

A

microRNA

45
Q

does RNA act as genomic material in viruses TRUE/FALSE

A

true

46
Q

which strand serves as template for RNA polymerase

A

DNA template strand

47
Q

which strand is also known as non template strand

A

DNA Coding Strand

48
Q

What similarities does DNA coding strand and RNA transcript have in common

A

they have the same sequence

49
Q

Describe transcription initiation and elongation in E.COLI

A
  1. RNA polymerase core binds to the DNA promoter
  2. A bubble is formed and initiated.
  3. then a promoter clearance is followed by elongation which is replaced by NusA
  4. NusA dissociates, transcription is terminated and RNA polymerase is recycled.
50
Q

Describe p-independent termination

A

RNA synthesis encounters a terminator sequence and an RNA hairpin is formed at a palindromic sequence, reducing the length of the RNA-DNA hybrid. mRNA is released

51
Q

Describe p-dependent termination

A

p-helicase binds to a rut site and migrates along the mRNA to the elongating RNA polymerase, then separated the mRNA from the DNA template

52
Q

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for the synthesis of pre-ribosomal RNA

A

RNA polymerase I

53
Q

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for synthesis of mRNA

A

RNA polymerase II

54
Q

Which RNA polymerase make tRNAs and some small RNA products

A

RNA polymerase III

55
Q

WHICH organism have their own RNA polymerase

A

mitochondria

56
Q

Which RNA polymerase do plants have responsible for synthesis of small interfering RNAs

A

RNA polymerase IV

57
Q

How do mRNA mature in Eukaryotes

A

transcription and 5’ capping

58
Q

Is exon the coding or uncoding sequence

A

coding

59
Q

is intron coding or uncoding sequence

A

uncoding

60
Q

Which can be found on a mature mRNA intorns/ exons

A

exons

61
Q

how is introns removed from the sequence

A

cleavage, polyadenylation and splicing

62
Q

where does the poly A occur at

A

the 3’ oh tail adding an extra RNA

63
Q

How can retroviruses make DNA from RNA

A

they have genomes of ssRNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase

64
Q

What is the enzyme that makes DNA from the RNA

A

reverse transcriptase

65
Q

Unless there is a need for protein synthesis, will the cell invest in it

A

no, they won’t

66
Q

Protein aretargeted to which location

A

cellular

67
Q

Protein synthesis uses how mnay percent of chemical energy of a cell

A

90%

68
Q

What brings amino acid to mRNA

A

adapter (tRNA)

69
Q

How many nucleotide coding for an amino acid

A

triplet

70
Q

Which is sufficient a four letter code in groups of 2 or groups of 3

A

groups of 3 (64)

71
Q

which mRNA code does living organism use

A

non-overlapping

72
Q

Where is replication and transcription taking place

A

nucleus

73
Q

where is translation taking place

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

74
Q

What protects RNA as it moves to the ER

A

5’ poly A and 3’ OH POLY A tail

Biochemistry (16 decks)

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