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Biochemistry > TRANSCRIPTION > Flashcards

TRANSCRIPTION Flashcards

1
Q

RNA consist of what strand of ribonucleotides

A

Single stranded

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2
Q

which is more reactive RNA or DNA

A

RNA

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3
Q

What differentiates RNA from DNA

A

RNA has an OH on the 2’ C of its sugar

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4
Q

what are the structure of RNA

A

RNA folds from primary to secondary structure.

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5
Q

synthesis of RNA starts where and ends

A

starts atv5’end and ends at 3’ end

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6
Q

which is easily degraded RNA or DNA

A

RNA

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7
Q

Function of rRNA

A

structural and functional component of ribosome in cytoplasm

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8
Q

which RNA carries genetic code for proteins

A

Messenger RNA

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9
Q

function of smalll nuclear RNA (snRNA)

A

Processing of pre-mRNA

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10
Q

which RNA processes and assembles rRNA

A

small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)

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11
Q

function of MicroRNA (miRNA)

A

inhibits translation of mRNA

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12
Q

which RNA triggers degradation of other RNA molecule

A

small intefering RNA (siRNA)

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13
Q

which RNA assists destruction of foreign DNA

A

CRISPR RNA (crRNA)

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14
Q

which RNA has the eukaryotic nucleus and cytoplasm Varity of function

A

Long noncoding RNA (IncRNA)

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15
Q

What is the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA Template

A

Transcription

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16
Q

Transcription contains

A

The DNA template
The substrates for transcription (4 RIBONUCLEASIDE TRIPHOSPAHTE)
The transcription apparatus

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17
Q

The template of RNA has

A

transcribed strand
transcription unit

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18
Q

all circular RNA are transcribed from

A

DNA

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19
Q

examples of RNA transcribed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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20
Q

examples of RNA transcribed in eukaryotes

A

pre-mRNA
snRNA
snoRNA
miRNA
siRNA
piRNA

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21
Q

which RNA is produced only in prokaryotes

A

CRISP RNA (crRNA)

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22
Q

In the EM, which RNA gene undergoes transcription resembling Christmas tree

A

nuclear ribosomal RNA

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23
Q

The transcribed strand is also known as

A

template strand or antisense strand or non coding strand

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24
Q

Th upper strand of the RNA template is called

A

non-template strand or coding strand

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25
Q

RNA is synthesized in which direction

A

5’ to 3’

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26
Q

which strand does RNA polymerase use as template strand and how is it read

A

lower strand, read from 3’ to 5’

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27
Q

How often are rNTPs added to the 3’end of RNA molecule

A

one at a time

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28
Q

Transcription produces an RNA molecule that is—- to the strand

A

complementary and antiparallel to the template strand

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29
Q

Adjacent genes in the chromosomes can be transcribed from which strands

A

opposite strand

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30
Q

does the transcription unit contain a promoter

A

NO

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31
Q

Transcription unit comprises of

A

Transcription initiation site
RNA-coding sequence
Terminator

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32
Q

The transcription unit extends from

A

transcription initiation site to the transcription termination site

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33
Q

what is the building blocks of RNA

A

Ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTPs)

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34
Q

does initiation of RNA synthesis require primer

A

NO

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35
Q

What transcription apparatus uses a number of accessory protein to drive transcription

A

RNAP (polymerase)

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36
Q

RNAP consists of how many subunits?

A

5 subunits

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37
Q

what are the subunits of RNAP

A

Two copies of alpha
Single copy of beta
Single copy of beta prime
single copy of omega

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38
Q

what controls the binding to the promoter so initiation begins at the transcription initiation site

A

sigma factor

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39
Q

what binds to the sigma factor

A

RNA polymerase core binds to the sigma factor and holoenzyme is active

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40
Q

Holoenzyme binds to what to initiate transcription

A

binds to the promoter and initiate transcription

41
Q

what are the 3 distinct classes of RNA polymerases

A

RNAP I, RNAP II, RNAP III, (RNAP IV & V IN PLANTS)

42
Q

Each set of RNA polymerases have set of accessory protein called

A

transcription factors

43
Q

which RNAP encodes large rRNAs

A

RNA Polymerase I

44
Q

which RNAP encodes Pre-mRNA, some snRNAs, snoRNA, miRNAs

A

RNA polymerase II

45
Q

Which RNAP encodes tRNAs, small rRNAs, some
snRNAs, some miRNA

A

RNA polymerase III

46
Q

During initiation what happens

A

the transcription apparatus assembles at the promoter and initiate RNA synthesis

47
Q

what happens during ELongation

A

DNA is threaded through RNA polymerase and RNAP unwinds DNA, adds new ribonucleotide one at a time to3’end of transcript

48
Q

the release of RNA product from DNA template is in which step

A

Termination

49
Q

What are the steps required to begin RNA synthesis

A

> Promoter recognition by RNAP
* Formation of a transcription bubble
* Formation of the first phosphodiester bonds
between rNTPs
* Movement of the RNAP away from the promoter

50
Q

Promoter determines

A

where, when, and to what
extent a gene will be transcribed

51
Q

short DNA sequences that possess
considerable similarity among genes are called

A

Consensus sequence

52
Q

Promoters also serve as

A

binding site for RNAP or protein involve din transcription

53
Q

where is a typical consesnus sequence located

A

at the upstream of the initiation site in bacterial promoters

54
Q

what are the consensus sequences often found in bacterial promoters

A

-10 TATAAT
-35 TTGACA

55
Q

TATAAT is also known as

A

Pribnow box

56
Q

TATAAT, TTGACA are recognized by

A

RNAP holoenzyme plus sigma factor

57
Q

The transcription initiation site is determined by

A

the position of the consensus sequences.

58
Q

The orientation and spacing of the consensus
sequences in the promoter determines

A

which DNA strand will serve as template and so
determine the direction of transcription.

59
Q

How does the holoenzyme initiate transcription

A

By unwinding the double stranded DNA

60
Q

Which strand serves as the first nucleotide in the RNA molecule

A

the rNTP complementary to the base at the start site

61
Q

what is released as the RNA polymerase moves past the promoter

A

SIgma factor

62
Q

when is RNA transcription initated

A

when core RNA polymerase binds to the promoter with the help of sigma

63
Q

what creates a RNA nucleotide during initation

A

two phosphate group cleaved from each subsequent rNTP, this adds to 3’ end

64
Q

After initiation, what does RNAP do to its shape

A

it changes conformation so that it no longer binds to consensus sequences in promoter and begin transcribing

65
Q

what happens during transciption bubble

A
  1. 18 nucleotides of DNA template unwonds
  2. 8 nucleotides of RNA is base paired with template strand
66
Q

As transcription bubble moves, supercoiled occur which is released by

A

topoisomerases

67
Q

transcriptional pausing plays a role in

A

coordinating transcription and translation

68
Q

transcriptional pausing results from

A

secondary structures or specific
sequences (or presence of nucleosomes in
eukaryotes)

69
Q

Transcriptional pausing may cause RNA to move backwards/forward

A

backwards

70
Q

what does RNAP do when misincorporation occur

A

RNAP backtracks, cleaves out the last 2 nucleotides,
then proceeds transcribing forward

71
Q

Define Rho-dependent termination

A

uses rho (ρ) factor

72
Q

describe Rho-independent termination

A

hairpin structure formed by inverted repeats, followed by a string of
uracils

73
Q

describe Polycistronic mRNA:

A

bacteria frequently transcribe a group of genes into a single RNA molecule

74
Q

How does RHO cause termination intranscription

A
  1. Rho binds to the rut site and moves towards 3’ end
  2. RNAP encounters a terminator sequence and pauses. This allows Rho to catch up
  3. Rho using Helicase unwinds RNA-DNA hybrids and brings transcription to a stop
75
Q

How does eukaryotic transcription differ from bacterial transcription in RNAP

A

eukaryotic RNAP employs multiple classes

76
Q

which is larger eukaryotic promoters or bacterial promoters

A

larger and more complex

77
Q

what must occur in eukaryote before Transcription

A

Chromatic modification

78
Q

chromatin contianing transcribed genes in less densely packed regions are called

A

Euchromatin

79
Q

what is an important regulatory process between euchromatin and heterochromatin in eukaryote

A

interconversion

80
Q

RNAPII promoters contain

A

core promoter and a
regulatory region

81
Q

the core promoter overlaps

A

transcription initiation site

82
Q

core promoter and regulatory region both contain what necessary for transcription

A

consensus sequences

83
Q

TATA box is what type of promoter

A

core promoter element

84
Q

Where are RNAP II promoters located in eukaryote

A

-25 to -30 bp upstream of inittaiion site

85
Q

TATA box is bound by

A

TATA binding protein (TBP) subunit of Trnascription Factor II D (tffiid)

86
Q

Types of transcription factors

A

transcriptional activators and transcriptional repressors

87
Q

regulatory region promoter contains

A

several different types of promoter elements (consensus sequences)

88
Q

where are enhancers located

A

distance from the genes it regulates

89
Q

what happens to the chromatin between the promoter and enhancer

A

oops out so the proteins bound to each can interact
and thus regulate transcription

90
Q

Silencers act

A

negatively regulate transcription by
binding transcriptional repressors

91
Q

RNAP III genes contain

A

internal promoters that are downstream of the start site and
so are transcribed into the RNA products.

92
Q

RNAP II + general transcription factors form

A

a pre-initiation complex (PIC)

93
Q

TATA binding protein binds to which grooove of DNA

A

Minor groove straddling double helix like a saddle

94
Q

Afrer RNA are synthesized, what happens to RNAP II

A

moves away from the promoter

95
Q

Mechanism of RNAP I

A

uses a termination factor similar to rho
but it binds to a DNA sequence downstream of
the terminator.

96
Q

Mechanism of RNAP II

A

termination does not occur at specific
sequences.

97
Q

Mechanism of RNAP III

A

transcribes the terminator that adds a
string of uracils in RNA.

98
Q

Similarities of Transcription in Archaea to Eukaryotes

A

RNAP in archaea are more similar in eukaryote than Eubacteria
Arcahaea has a TATA box and TATA binding protein

Biochemistry (16 decks)

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