Central Dogma

Question 1

a segment of a DNA that codes for a protein, which turn codes for a trait

Answer 1

gene

Question 2

nucleic acid that contains genetic information for the development and function of organisms

Answer 2

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 3

this is where DNA is found

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

DNA is made up of a series of monomers called ___________

Answer 4

nucleotides

Question 5

what makes up the structure of a nucleotide (3)

Answer 5

5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 6

DNA is a twisted ladder called a ____________

Answer 6

double helix

Question 7

4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

Answer 7

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Question 8

4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

Answer 8

adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

Question 9

double ring purines

Answer 9

adenine and guanine

Question 10

single ring pyrimidines

Answer 10

thymine and cytosine

Question 11

replication wherein the parental molecule is fully conserved and daughter molecules are composed wholly of new synthesized molecules

Answer 11

conservative replication

Question 12

replication where parental molecule is degraded into its component nucleotides and becomes part of the newly synthesized daughter molecules

Answer 12

dispersive replication

Question 13

replication where each daughter molecule is composed of one conserved strand from the parental molecule and one newly synthesized and complementary strand

Answer 13

semi-conservative

Question 14

its function is to obtain information from DNA and synthesized proteins

Answer 14

RNA

Question 15

type of RNA that brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the protein manufacturing area (cytoplasm)

Answer 15

messenger RNA or mRNA

Question 16

3 base pairs that code for a single amino acid

Answer 16

codon

Question 17

type of RNA that supplies amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled as protein

Answer 17

transfer RNA or tRNA

Question 18

a sequence of 3 bases that are complementary base pairs to a codon in mRNA

Answer 18

anticodon

Question 19

directs translation of mRNA into proteins; the structural component of ribosomes

Answer 19

ribosomal RNA or rRNA

Question 20

building blocks of protein

Answer 20

amino acids

Question 21

2 strands of DNA are __________

Answer 21

complementary

Question 22

process of making 2 identical copies of DNA from the original DNA molecule

Answer 22

DNA replication

Question 23

unzips and unwinds 2 strands by breaking H-bonds

Answer 23

DNA helicase

Question 24

this forms when DNA is separated by the DNA helicase

Answer 24

replication fork

Question 25

makes short RNA sequences which serves as a pattern for making new a new DNA strand

Answer 25

Primase

Question 26

short RNA sequences which serve as a pattern for making new DNA strands

Answer 26

primer

Question 27

replaces RNA primer with DNA strand and proofreads new DNA strand

Answer 27

polymerase

Question 28

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand, together forming short, double-stranded DNA sections

Answer 28

okazaki fragment

Question 29

joins DNA strands together and seals the nicks and gaps

Answer 29

DNA ligase

Question 30

3 phases of the central dogma

Answer 30

replication, transcription, translation

Question 31

2 phases of protein synthesis

Answer 31

transcription, translation

Question 32

process by which the information to make protein in DNA is copied into mRNA by the polymerase

Answer 32

transcription

Question 33

3 steps of transcription

Answer 33

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 34

starts when an RNA polymerase binds to the DNA's promoter region

Answer 34

initiation

Question 35

RNA polymerase slides along the template DNA strand as the complementary bases pair up the RNA polymerase links the nucleotides to the 2 prime end of the growing molecule

Answer 35

elongation

Question 36

final step in transcription; happens when RNA polymerase transcribes the termination sequence then the mRNA chain is freed from the DNA template

Answer 36

termination

Question 37

process of translating the base sequence of an mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids

Answer 37

translation

Question 38

first phase of translation; brings together the mRNA, the first amino acid with its attached tRNA, and the 2 subunits of a ribosome

Answer 38

initiation

Question 39

amino acids are added one by one to the first amino acids

Answer 39

elongation

Question 40

step in elongation where the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule carrying to the first amino acid pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome

Answer 40

codon recognition

Question 41

polypeptide leaces the tRNA in the P site and attaches acid on the tRNA in the A site.

Answer 41

peptide bond formation

Question 42

P site tRNA leaves the ribosome, and the ribosome moves the remaining tRNA to the P site

Answer 42

translocation

Question 43

elongation continues until a stop codon reaches ribosome's A site

Answer 43

termination

Question 44

name the 3 stop codons

Answer 44

UAA, UAG, UGA