CENTRAL DOGMA

Question 1

Complex molecules containing elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and nitrogen

Answer 1

Nucleic Acid

Question 2

building blocks of nucleic acid

Answer 2

Nucleotide

Question 3

units of nucleotides arranged and linked to form a long polymer

Answer 3

Polynucleotide

Question 4

the components of the structure of nucleotide

Answer 4

-a pentose sugar
-a phosphate group
-a nitrogenous group (Purine & Pyrimidine)

Question 5

When a nucleotide forms, all the three components are linked together though condensation reactions. How many molecules of water is/are removed during this process?

Answer 5

two

Question 6

two major nucleic acids

Answer 6

DNA
RNA

Question 7

In RNA, the pentose sugar is _________.

Answer 7

ribose

Question 8

In DNA, the pentose sugar is deoxyribose. What does deoxyribose mean?

Answer 8

does not contain oxygen at Carbon 2

Question 9

Each nucleotide contains one of the five types of nitrogenous bases: double-ringed purine and single ringed pyrimidine. Enumerate the five types of nitrogenous bases.

Answer 9

Purine bases;
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

Pyrimidine bases:
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

Question 10

what gives an acidic property to the nucleic acids?

Answer 10

phosphate group

Question 11

• double-stranded
• phosphate, sugar and
  nitrogenous bases (purine
  and pyrimidine)
• Sugar-phosphate
  backbone (antiparallel
  strands)
• 5’ (5prime) to 3’ (3 prime)

Answer 11

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 12

• Single-stranded
• Uracil replaces
  thymine

Answer 12

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Question 13

Who discovered the DNA model structure?

Answer 13

Watson and Crick in 1953

Question 14

Who discovered the RNA model structure?

Answer 14

Friedrich Miescher in 1868

Question 15

Two nucleotides are joined from the process of ___________. Conversely, the dinucleotide can be broken down through the process of ___________.

Answer 15

condensation, hydrolysis

Question 16

refers to the bond that is formed between the pentose sugar from the first nucleotide and the phosphate group from the next nucleotide is covalent

Answer 16

phosphodiester bonds

Question 17

the two strands in DNA are __________, that means their orientations are in opposite directions.

Answer 17

anti-parallel

Question 18

three types of RNA

Answer 18

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 19

– contained in the
ribosomes where all proteins are
made

Answer 19

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 20

contains the
instructions for the
production of
proteins, provides blueprint for all the proteins to be made by ribosomes

Answer 20

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 21

like a truck that delivers the amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

Answer 21

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 22

Transcribes and regulates
the genetic information

Answer 22

RNA

Question 23

Contains genetic
information

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

locations of DNA in the cell

Answer 24

nucleus

Question 25

location of RNA in the cell

Answer 25

nucleolus

Question 26

reads the triplet code on the mRNA, picks up specific amino acid, brings it to the ribosome and transfers it to the new protein

Answer 26

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 27

DNA is copied up to make a replica of the original.

Answer 27

DNA replication

Question 28

enzyme that unzips the coiled DNA strand which results into the formation of a replication fork

Answer 28

DNA helicase

Question 29

three dna models of replication

Answer 29

conservative semi-conservative dispersive

Question 30

- a type of RNA polymerase that generates RNA primers.

Answer 30

DNA primase

Question 31

synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands.

Answer 31

DNA polymerase

Question 32

leading strand is from __ to ___.

Answer 32

5' to 3'

Question 33

synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' directions towards the replication fork

Answer 33

leading strand

Question 34

synthesized discontinuously in the 5' to 3' direction in the opposite direction to the movement of replication fork

Answer 34

lagging strand

Question 35

a short length of DNA or the fragment produced in the lagging strand

Answer 35

okazaki fragment

Question 36

unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to prevent the DNA from becoming tangled or supercoiled.

Answer 36

Topoisomerase or DNA Gyrase

Question 37

group of enzymes that remove nucleotide bases (primers) from the end of a DNA chain.

Answer 37

Exonucleases

Question 38

- joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.

Answer 38

DNA ligase

Question 39

two parental DNA strands separate and each of these strands then serves as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand

Answer 39

Semi-conservative Model

Question 40

whole original double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of the new one

Answer 40

Conservative Model

Question 41

- parental double helix is broken into double-stranded DNA segments that act as templates to synthesize new segment

Answer 41

Dispersive Model

Question 42

proved that replications of DNA is semi-conservative

Answer 42

meselson and stahl (1957)

Question 43

what bacterium did meselson and stahl used in ther study?

Answer 43

e. coli

Question 44

DNA REPLICATION Steps

Answer 44

*Unwinding *Polymerization *Termination

Question 45

is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. (DNA to mRNA)

Answer 45

Transcription

Question 46

Transcription Steps

Answer 46

*Initiation *Elongation *Termination

Question 47

It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter (TATA sequence).

Answer 47

Initiation

Question 48

is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand.

Answer 48

Elongation

Question 49

is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene.

Answer 49

Termination

Question 50

functions as a recognition site for RNA polymerase to bind

Answer 50

promoter region

Question 51

regions that encode for a protein in a mRNA strand

Answer 51

exons

Question 52

non-coding sections of a mRNA

Answer 52

introns

Question 53

These are short RNA molecules that act as templates for the starting point of DNA.

Answer 53

primers

Question 54

introns are removed from the pre-mRNA to form a mature mRNA molecule with continuous coding sequence. The process is made possible by a complex made up of proteins and RNA called __________________.

Answer 54

spliceosome

Question 55

the four nucleotide bases in DNA

Answer 55

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

Question 56

the four nucleotide bases in RNA

Answer 56

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil

Question 57

How many different amino acids make up proteins?

Answer 57

20 different amino acids

Question 58

each triplet code on the DNA template or mRNA strand is known as _____.

Answer 58

codon

Question 59

the genetic code includes ___ codons.

Answer 59

64 codons

Question 60

four special codons

Answer 60

start codon AUG stop codon UGA UAG UAA

Question 61

the three distinct regions in the large ribosomal subunit

Answer 61

E site P site A site

Question 62

purpose of translation

Answer 62

forms polypeptide, protein synthesis