IMMUNITY

Question 1

The ability of an organism to resist illness whether caused by pathogens or other non-self (foreign) substances in the body.

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

foreign and harmful agents that can enter the body through the airway, the digestive tract, the genitals, and other openings.

Answer 2

pathogens/pathogenic agents

Question 3

two defence mechanisms against pathogenic agents

Answer 3

innate mechanisms
adaptive mechanisms

Question 4

act against any type of antigen that do not have specificity.

Answer 4

innate mechanisms

Question 5

are components of the immune system that act against specific antigens.

Answer 5

adaptive mechanisms

Question 6

two immune responses under adaptive mechanism

Answer 6

humoral immune system
cell-mediated response

Question 7

a type of white blood cell that has the ability to identify foreign substances and produce antibodies to destroy them.

Answer 7

lymphocytes (B cells)

Question 8

foreign/non-self substances that have the ability to trigger an immune response.

Answer 8

antigens

Question 9

are protein, protein-polysaccharide conjugates or large polysaccharide molecules found on the outside of the cell membranes of pathogens.

Answer 9

antigens

Question 10

two major classes of lymphocytes

Answer 10

T cells, B cells

Question 11

responsible for the immune response in which antibodies are produced

Answer 11

B cells

Question 12

destroy pathogens or toxins produced by pathogens

Answer 12

antibodies

Question 13

antibodies are proteins called ______________.

Answer 13

immunoglobulins

Question 14

give the four polypeptide chains that compose an antibody molecule

Answer 14

two identical light chains
two identical heavy chains

Question 15

connect the heavy and light chains to form antigen binding sites

Answer 15

disulphide (S-S) bridges and covalent bonds

Question 16

lock is for _________ molecule while key is for a specific ________.

Answer 16

antibody, antigen

Question 16

explains the specificity of each antibody for a particular antigen

Answer 16

lock and key hypothesis

Question 17

it forms dimers in which two antibody molecules are attached to each other and secreted into body fluids.

Answer 17

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Question 18

present in low concentrations in the serum and functions to act as antigen receptors on mature B cells.

Answer 18

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

Question 18

involved in anti-parasite immunity and allergies

Answer 18

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Question 18

It agglutinates antigens. It enters the fetus through the placenta and helps protect the fetus during pregnancy.

Answer 18

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Question 19

it is produced when the body responds to a particular antigen for the first time

Answer 19

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Question 20

Lymphoid organs are divided into __________________ and ________________________.

Answer 20

primary lymphoid organ, secondary lymphoid organ

Question 21

the two primary lymphoid organs

Answer 21

bone marrow, thymus

Question 22

develop in the bone marrow and differentiate to produce T cells and B cells

Answer 22

stem cells

Question 23

multiply and mature in the bone marrow

Answer 23

B cells

Question 24

migrates to the thymus and multiply and mature there

Answer 24

T cells

Question 25

this is where B cells and T cells accumulates after maturation.

Answer 25

secondary lymphoid organs/lymph nodes

Question 26

this is where B cells and T cells circulates after maturation.

Answer 26

bloodstream

Question 27

the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 27

* lymph nodes * spleen * tonsils * lymphoid tissues

Question 28

large numbers of these are found in the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 28

lymphocytes

Question 29

provide a useful environment for the encounter and interaction of lymphocytes with antigens and other cells involved in immune response.

Answer 29

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 30

causes the swelling and inflammation of the secondary lymphoid organs during infection

Answer 30

immune response, accumulation of B cells and T cells -

Question 31

the six different types of antigen-antibody interaction

Answer 31

* precipitation * agglutination * neutralization * lysis * opsonization * complement fixation (complement activation)

Question 32

type of antigen-antibody interaction where the antibody may react and link to soluble antigens to form insoluble antigen-antibody complexes which are easily “swallowed” by phagocytic cells

Answer 32

precipitation

Question 33

type of antigen-antibody interaction where antigens are crossed-linked by the antibody molecules that causes the antigens to clump together

Answer 33

agglutination

Question 34

type of antigen-antibody interaction where some antibodies react with the toxins released by pathogens, rendering the toxins harmless

Answer 34

neutralization

Question 35

type of antigen-antibody interaction where antibodies cause the cell membrane of the pathogen to break down and the pathogen is destroyed

Answer 35

lysis

Question 36

type of antigen-antibody interaction that refers to the enhancement of the phagocytosis process by covering the antigen with antibodies or with serum proteins called complements

Answer 36

opsonization

Question 37

type of antigen-antibody interaction that activates complements sequentially

Answer 37

complement fixation/complement activation

Question 38

immune response by T cells and does not involve antibody production

Answer 38

cell-mediated immune response

Question 39

immune response involving the production of antibodies by B cells

Answer 39

humoral immune response/antibody-mediated immune response

Question 40

are also produced when the activated B cell divides and differentiates. These remain in the body even after an infection is over to trigger a faster and greater immune response when the same antigen is encountered in the future.

Answer 40

memory cells

Question 41

three types of T cell

Answer 41

* cytotoxic (killer) cells * Helper T cells * Suppressor T cells

Question 42

destroys malignant cells by binding to the cells and causing lysis of the cell membrane

Answer 42

cytotoxic (killer) T cells

Question 43

produces chemicals that activates or promote the growth and multiplication of other lymphocytes

Answer 43

helper T cells

Question 44

regulate immune response by suppressing responses of the activated T and B cells, when appropriate.

Answer 44

suppressor T cells

Question 45

the basis of a person becoming immune to a particular pathogen

Answer 45

acquired immunity

Question 46

substances synthesized and released by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages

Answer 46

interleukins

Question 47

interact to control and regulate immune responses

Answer 47

interleukins

Question 48

three main types of interleukins

Answer 48

* Interleukin-1 (IL-1) * Interleukin-2 (IL-2) * Interleukin-3 (IL-3)

Question 49

released to activate helper T cells

Answer 49

interleukin-1

Question 50

released by helper T cells, and stimulates growth and differentiation of other T cells

Answer 50

interleukin-2

Question 51

also released by T cells to stimulate bone marrow stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into various types of blood cells

Answer 51

interleukin-3

Question 52

a group of protein molecules that aid lymphocytes in distinguishing self for non-self substances

Answer 52

MHC antigens

Question 53

genes in a segment of DNA that encode MHC antigens

Answer 53

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 55

can be a virus, bacterium, fungus, parasite, or even a portion or product of these organisms

Answer 55

antigen

Question 56

the sites of T and B cells production

Answer 56

primary lymphoid organs

Question 57

the part of an antigen that binds to the binding site of an antibody or to specific cell surface receptors on lymphocytes

Answer 57

epitope

Question 58

programmed cell death

Answer 58

apoptosis

Question 59

produces blood in our body

Answer 59

red bone marrow

Question 60

TRUE or FALSE IgE is stronger than IgM.

Answer 60

TRUE

Question 61

a disease which the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and attacks the cells of the body

Answer 61

autoimmune disease

Question 62

an inappropriate harmful response provoked by the immune system

Answer 62

allergy

Question 63

the antigens in allergy

Answer 63

allergen

Question 64

two methods that prevent the rejection of foreign tissues such as transplanted organs in the body

Answer 64

* the use of immunosuppressive agents * radiation method on lymph nodes

Question 65

can prevent rejection of transplanted organs or tissue grafts

Answer 65

immunosuppressive agents

Question 66

one of commonly used immunosuppressive agent that inhibits T cell activity

Answer 66

cyclosporine

Question 67

the method that destroys lymphocytes to prevent foreign tissue rejection by the recipient body

Answer 67

radiation

Question 68

example of radiation method that prevent the rejection of foreign tissues

Answer 68

X-rays

Question 69

the universal blood donor

Answer 69

Blood type O

Question 70

the universal blood recipient

Answer 70

Blood type AB

Question 71

the blood type that has neither antigen A nor antigen B

Answer 71

Blood type O

Question 72

the blood type that do not have any agglutinin

Answer 72

Blood type AB

Question 73

another antigen that can be found on the plasma membrane of red blood cells. If you have this type of antigen, you are said to be rhesus positive (Rh+).

Answer 73

antigen D

Question 74

characteristics of primary immune response

Answer 74

* slow onset * low in magnitude * short-lived * antibody produced is IgM

Question 75

characteristics of secondary immune response

Answer 75

* rapid onset * high in magnitude * long-lived * antibody produced is IgG

Question 76

the change in the class of antibody produced in the secondary immune response

Answer 76

class switching

Question 77

produced during the primary response and is long lasting

Answer 77

memory cells

Question 78

reagent used for blood typing test

Answer 78

* blue - anti-A * yellow – anti-B * colorless – anti-D

Question 79

is a type of protein on the outside of your red blood cells

Answer 79

Rh factor (Rhesus factor)

Question 80

location of Rh factor

Answer 80

cell membrane of RBC

Question 81

the people and the year Rh factor was discovered

Answer 81

Landsteiner and Wiener (1940)

Question 82

type of antigens in Rh factor

Answer 82

approximately 49 types of antigens

Question 83

plays a significant role in determining the positivity of the Rh system

Answer 83

antigen D

Question 84

the primary antigens in determining the positivity of blood group

Answer 84

C (or c), D (or d), E (or e)

Question 85

the antigenicity order of Rh antigens

Answer 85

D > c > E > C > e

Question 86

active immunity may be __________ or _________.

Answer 86

natural artificial

Question 87

if a person falls ill and then recovers from the disease, the immunity acquired

Answer 87

Natural active immunity

Question 88

if the immunity is acquired through vaccination

Answer 88

Artificial active immunity

Question 89

is the process of acquiring immunity against a particular disease by administering a vaccine - vaccine may contain live but weakened pathogens or it may contain dead pathogens or even only parts of the pathogen

Answer 89

Vaccination (immunization)

Question 90

protection against tuberculosis babies over the age of 3 months

Answer 90

BCG

Question 91

protection against rubella/German measles esp. important to prevent from pregnant women because it can cause birth defects

Answer 91

Rubella

Question 92

WHAT DOES MMR MEAN?

Answer 92

measles, mumps, rubella

Question 93

protection against hepatitis, esp. hepa B

Answer 93

Hepatitis

Question 94

protection against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough) – children and infants over 2 months of age

Answer 94

Triple antigen