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BRS (RF) > Central nervous system > Flashcards

Central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

Where afferent neurones are processed, form where instruction can be issued as required to provide complete coordinate response through efferent descending tract of neurones

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3
Q

What are the three distinct areas of the brain?

A

Forebrain, mind brain and hind brain

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4
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres. and diencephalon

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5
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

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6
Q

What forms grey matter?

A

Cell bodies

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7
Q

What forms white matter?

A

Nerve fibres

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8
Q

Which tracts decussate at the medulla as they leave the brain?

A

Dorsal columns
Corticobulbar
Corticospinal

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9
Q

What separates the cerebrum into two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Represents the outer layer of the cerebrum, consists entirely of grey matter- cell bodies, dendrites and synapses

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11
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres together?

A

Band of axons (white matter) = corpus callous

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12
Q

What are the four main lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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13
Q

What is the frontal lobe associated with?

A

Higher brain functions - emotional responses, planning, reasoning and decision making
Regulating and initiating motor function, language, attention and memory

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14
Q

What is the parietal lobe associated with?

A

Sensory movements (touch, pain), understanding spatial orientation and cognition. Sensory aspects of language

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15
Q

What is the occipital lobe associated with?

A

Controls range of visual functions: shape recognition and colour vision

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16
Q

What is the temporal lobe associated with?

A

Vision, memory, language, and comprehension

Processing auditory function

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17
Q

What is the limbic lobe associated with?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, maxillary body and cingulate gyrus

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18
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Responsible for the consolidation of learning from short term to long term

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19
Q

What is the mammillary body associated with?

A

Recollective memory

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20
Q

what is the limbic system concerned with?

A

Memory, emotion, motivation, reward and learning

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21
Q

Where is the insular cortex located?

A

Located in each cerebral hemisphere, deep within the lateral sulcus

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22
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

Tissue separating the temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

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23
Q

What is the insular cortex associated with?

A

Visceral sensations, autonomic control, interoception, auditory processing and visual-vestibular integration

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24
Q

What is visual vestibular integration?

A

Balance of eye movements

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25
Q

What is interoception?

A

Internal recognition

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26
Q

What three layers form the meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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27
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space lie?

A

Between the arachnoid and Pia mater

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28
Q

What layers consist of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal and meningeal

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29
Q

What is the periosteal layer?

A

Layer of periosteum, lines internal cranium,

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30
Q

What is the meningeal layer?

A

Dural, dense fibrous membrane

Thick membrane consisting of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the subarachnoid space?

A

Contains cerebrospinal fluid

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32
Q

What is pia mater?

A

Thin, translucent & mesh like. Highly vascular membrane, closely adherent to the surface of the brain

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33
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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34
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

Lateral 3rd and fourth ventricles

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35
Q

Where does the CSF occupy?

A

Occupies the ventricular system, subarachnoid space, cisterns and central canal of the spinal cord

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36
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

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37
Q

Which foramen enables transpiration of CSH to the third ventricle?

A

Foramen of monroi

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38
Q

What is the foramen Lushcka?

A

Facilitates movement of the fluid into the subarachnoid space

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39
Q

What are the comparisons between CSF and plasma?

A

Lower pH, less glucose and potassium

Clear fluid- absent of blood and proteins

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40
Q

How can CSF be used as an indicator for pathological disease?

A

Protein blood detection in CSF

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41
Q

Which nerves are carried by the posterior ramus?

A

Visceral motor somatic motor and sensory nerves

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42
Q

Where do nerves emerge through?

A

Intervertebral foramina

43
Q

Describe the progression of nerves descending along the spinal cord in respect to vertebrae?

A

Nerves become more angled between the spinal cord.
Nerves protrude outwards further away from the cord
Further a nerve is, the larger the distance and greater the angle to the corresponding bone

44
Q

How many pairs of nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

45
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

30

46
Q

What sections divide the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal;

47
Q

How many nerves are associated with cervical?

A

8

48
Q

How many nerves associated with thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

49
Q

How many nerves associated with lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

50
Q

How many nerves associated with sacral vertebrae?

A

5

51
Q

How many nerves emerge with coccygeal vertebra?

A

1

52
Q

Which nerves emerge above vertebrae?

A

C1-C7

53
Q

Which nerves emerges below vertebrae?

A

C8 - Co1

54
Q

What does the spinal cord contain?

A

Gray matter surrounded by white matter which stems from the medulla obligate through vertebra

55
Q

How are spinal nerves attached to the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal and ventral roots- contain sensory and motor nerve fibres respectively

56
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurones located within the dorsal root?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

57
Q

Where do motor neurones leave the spinal cord?

A

Ventral root

58
Q

What does spinal grey matter contain?

A

Intermediate nerve cells (relay neurones), with cell bodies of motor nerves whose axons run out into the ventral roots

59
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Nerve tracts running the length of the spinal cord interconnect the various reflex arcs and the brain.

60
Q

What is white matter?

A

Made up of long nerve fibres running the length of the spinal cord.

61
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Made up of motor nerve cell bodies and relay neurones

62
Q

What are relay neurones?

A

Relays impulse from sensory neurones to motor neurone, not always present.

63
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Carries only motor nerve fibres from the spinal cord into the spinal nerve.

64
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

Carries impulses from spinal cord to effector.

65
Q

What are motor end plates?

A

Transfers impulse to effector organ.

66
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Carries only sensory nerve fibres from the spinal nerve into the spinal cord.

67
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Contains all cell bodies of sensory neurones

68
Q

What is the mixed spina nerve?

A

Carries both motor and sensory fibres

69
Q

What is cervical enlargement associated with?

A

Innervation of upper limbs

70
Q

What is lumbar enlargement associated with?

A

innervation of lower limbs

71
Q

What are the major descending pathways?

A

Corticospinal tract

72
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

White matter motor pathway initiating at cerebral cortex terminating on lower motor neurones and interneurones in the spinal cord, controlling movements and motor functions of limbs and trunk

73
Q

What forms the corticospinal tract?

A

Upper motor neurones in primary motor cortex

74
Q

Where does pyramidal decussation occur for the corticospinal tract?

A

Medulla

75
Q

Where do corticospinal tract neurones arise from?

A

Precentral gyrus the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe, Beta. cells

76
Q

What are the major ascending pathways?

A

Dorsal columns

Spinothalamic

77
Q

What sensations are concerned with the dorsal column pathway?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from skin and joints

78
Q

Where does decussation occur for the dorsal columns?

A

Medullary, ipsilateral below

79
Q

What does the spinothalamic pathway associate with?

A

Pain , temperature and crude touch

80
Q

Where are the ascending tracts located within the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal, occupy the white matter

81
Q

What are upper motor neurone lesions associated with?

A

Stroke

82
Q

What are lower motor neurone lesions associated with?

A

Motor neurone disease

83
Q

Where does the corticobulbar tract originate from?

A

Primary motor cortex within the precentral gyrus and anterior part of the paracentral lobule

84
Q

What is the function of the corticobulbar tracts?

A

Descending pathway responsible for innervation of the face, tongue, jaw & pharynx through the cranial nerves

85
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the corticobulbar tract?

A

V (Trigeminal)
VII (Facial)
XI (Accessory)
XII (Hypoglossal)

86
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Point for point correspondence of a bodily region allocated to a specific point on the CNS

87
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Provides information concerning head movement and position , mediates postural adjustments

88
Q

What nucleus is associated with the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Cerebellum

89
Q

What is the tectospinal tract?

A

Concerned with head and neck orientation, during eye movements

90
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract?

A

Controls breathing and emotional motor function

91
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract?

A

Innervates lower motor neurone of the upper limb

92
Q

What are the first order neurones?

A

Cell body is located within the dorsal root ganglion, ascends on the ipsilateral side of the medulla, synapsing with secondary order neurones.

93
Q

Where are second order neurones located?

A

Located in the medullary pyramids

94
Q

Which dorsal column travels ipsilaterally transmitting signals from the upper limb (T6 and above)?

A

Along the cuneate tract

95
Q

Which nucleus does the cuneate tract synapse with?

A

Nucleus cuneatus

96
Q

Which dorsal column t transmits modalities of sensation from lower limbs (below T6)?

A

gracile tract

97
Q

Which nucleus does the gracile tract synapse with?

A

Nucleus gracilis

98
Q

Where are third order neurones located?

A

Thalamus

99
Q

Where do third order neurones transmit sensory signals to?

A

From the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

100
Q

What sensory modalities are associated with the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain, temperature and crude touch

101
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

Within the spinal cord

102
Q

What is the relationship between threshold of nerve axon and diameter?

A

Inversely proportional

103
Q

Which axons are stimulated first by stimuli?

A

Largest diameter axons

104
Q

What factors influence reduced conduction velocity?

A

Demyelination hypothermia, and increased pressure to the nerve bundle

BRS (RF) (38 decks)

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