Central Nervous System

Question 1

What are the general regions of the brain?

Answer 1

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

Question 2

What are the specific regions of the brain?

Answer 2

Diencephalon: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

Brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 3

dura mater

Answer 3

outermost, tough membrane, attaches to bone

Question 4

arachnoid mater

Answer 4

spider web filamentous layer

Question 5

pia mater

Answer 5

thin vascular layer adherent to contours of brain

Question 6

What are ventricles and what is their function?

Answer 6

-spaces in the brain
-contains CSF

Question 7

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 7

Buoyancy, protection, chemical stability

Question 8

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 8

CSF cannot circulate and drain properly, leading to brain distortion

Question 9

In what part(s) of the brain does the cerebrospinal fluid flow inside?

Answer 9

-begins in the choroid plexus
-circulates through ventricles to central canal of spinal cord
-to subarachnoid space of cord and brain
-then up to be absorbed by arachnoid villi

Question 10

Gyri

Answer 10

elevated folds

Question 11

Sulci

Answer 11

shallow grooves

Question 12

Fissures

Answer 12

deep grooves

Question 13

What are the functions of the left hemisphere?

Answer 13

speech, verbalization, math, logic

Question 14

What are the functions of the right hemisphere?

Answer 14

visual-spatial skill, intuition, emotion

Question 15

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 15

contains voluntary motor for planning, mood, smell, and social judgement

Question 16

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 16

integrates sensory in shape, textures, speech

Question 17

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 17

optical

Question 18

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 18

areas for hearing, emotional behavior, learning, memory, smell

Question 19

What is the function of the insula?

Answer 19

apparently involved in memory and taste

Question 20

Commissural fibers

Answer 20

connecting hemispheres

Question 21

Association fibers

Answer 21

connecting different parts of same hemisphere

Question 22

Projection fibers

Answer 22

run vertically, ascending fibers carry sensory info and descending fibers carry motor info

Question 23

What are basal nuclei? What are its functions?

Answer 23

Basal nuclei are masses of gray matter deep to cerebral cortex

Function: involved in motor control, associated with memory, learning, and Ach

Question 24

What are the functions of gray matter?

Answer 24

Involved in motor control

Question 25

Sensory areas

Answer 25

conscious awareness of sensation

Question 26

Association areas

Answer 26

integrate info

Question 27

Motor areas

Answer 27

control voluntary motor function

Question 28

Motor (nonfluent) aphasia

Answer 28

-lesion in Broca's area -know what they want but can't say

Question 29

Fluent aphasia

Answer 29

-lesion in Wernicke's area -words easily spoken but used incorrectly

Question 30

Thalamus

Answer 30

located superior to midbrain -relay station for sensory impulses (except smell) to cerebral cortex

Question 31

Hypothalamus

Answer 31

-inferior to thalamus -relay station for smell -links nerves to endocrine system via pituitary gland -regulates homeostasis, controls ANS, secretes hormones

Question 32

Epithalamus

Answer 32

-contains pineal gland which gets smaller as we age and secretes melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms -in sympathetic division of ANS

Question 33

Midbrain

Answer 33

btw diencephalon and pons, mediates visual and auditory reflexes

Question 34

Pons

Answer 34

bridge connecting cerebral cortex and cerebellum, relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements

Question 35

Medulla oblongata

Answer 35

-heart rate, respiratory rate, adjust blood vessel diameter -reflexes for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, and hiccupping

Question 36

Brainstem

Answer 36

-bidirectional passageway for tracts btw cerebrum and spinal cord -contains cranial nerves -performs automatic behaviors necessary for survival and integrates audio and visual reflexes

Question 37

what are the functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 37

Involved in sensory and motor innervation of body below head White matter: two way conduction pathway Gray matter: major center of reflexes

Question 38

How are neurons functionally organized in the spinal cord?

Answer 38

Segmented: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 39

What is the organization of gray matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 39

divided into posterior horns, anterior horns, lateral horns (only found in thoracic and lumbar regions)

Question 40

What is the organization of white matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 40

-three columns of ventral, dorsal, and lateral -further divided into sensory and motor tracts with ascending, descending, and commissural fibers

Question 41

primary motor cortex

Answer 41

precentral gyrus, In front central sulcus, frontal lobe, generate signals for movement of body

Question 42

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 42

postcentral gyrus, Posterior to central sulcus, in parietal lobe, processing somatosensory input and contributes to integration of sensory and motor signals