Circulatory System

Question 1

what does the circulatory system contain?

Answer 1

-cardiovascular system
-lymphatic system

Question 2

functions of circulatory system

Answer 2

-transportation: gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, hormones
-regulation: body temperature and pH
-protection: immune system and blood clots

Question 3

what does the cardiovascular system contain?

Answer 3

-blood
-heart
-blood vessels

Question 4

blood

Answer 4

-liquid connective tissue
-contains liquid (plasma) and cells (formed elements)
-The average adult has 5 liters, thicker than water, 1 Celsius warmer than body temperature, body pH 7.35-7.45

Question 5

formed elements

Answer 5

-erythrocytes (44)%
-platelets and white blood cells (1%)

Question 6

leukocytes

Answer 6

-contain nucleus and organelles
-larger than RBC
-neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
-most are found in body tissues, not bloodstream
-Diapedesis: squeezing through capillary walls

Question 7

erythrocytes

Answer 7

-lack nucleus and organelles
-most abundant
-biconcave to increase SA
-in rows called rouleau
-transport CO2 and O2
-contain hemoglobin

Question 8

platelets

Answer 8

-also called thrombocytes
-fragments of megakaryocytes
-help initiate clotting

Question 9

location of heart

Answer 9

mediastinum

Question 10

systemic circulation

Answer 10

blood vessels transport blood from the heart to body tissues

Question 11

pulmonary circulation

Answer 11

blood vessels carry blood to and from lungs

Question 12

coronary circulation

Answer 12

carry oxygen to the heart

Question 13

right side of heart

Answer 13

receives oxygen-poor blood from body and tissues, supplies lungs

Question 14

left side of heart

Answer 14

receives oxygenated blood returning from lungs, supplies body

Question 15

layers of pericardium

Answer 15

-fibrous
-serous: parietal and visceral (epicardium)

Question 16

epicardium

Answer 16

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 17

myocardium

Answer 17

the muscle myocardium

Question 18

endocardium

Answer 18

lining the chamber, simple squamous epithelium

Question 19

interatrial septum

Answer 19

divides atria

Question 20

interventricular septum

Answer 20

divides ventricles

Question 21

what supplies the right atrium?

Answer 21

-superior vena cava
-coronary sinus
-inferior vena cava

Question 22

how does blood exit the right ventricle?

Answer 22

pulmonary artery

Question 23

what supplies the left atrium?

Answer 23

pulmonary vein

Question 24

how does blood exit the left ventricle?

Answer 24

aorta

Question 25

what do ventricle walls contain?

Answer 25

-trabeculae carneae -papillary muscles -chordae tendineae

Question 26

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

Answer 26

it forces blood out against more resistance, systemic circulation is longer

Question 27

valves

Answer 27

-atrioventricular: right (tricuspid) and left (bicuspid) -semilunar: right and left

Question 28

cardiac skeleton

Answer 28

-dense connective tissue that surrounds all valves -anchors valves -prevents overdilation -blocks electrical impulses

Question 29

function of AV valves

Answer 29

prevent backward flow of blood into atria

Question 30

function of semilunar valves

Answer 30

prevent backward flow of blood into ventricles

Question 31

lub

Answer 31

AV valves closing

Question 32

dup

Answer 32

semilunar valves closing

Question 33

What are foramen ovale and fossa ovalis?

Answer 33

In the fetus, the RA received oxygenated blood from mom through umbilical cord, so blood R to L through the foramen ovale: fossa ovalis is left after it closes

Question 34

What are ductus arteriosus & ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 34

The pulmonary trunk had high resistance (because lungs not functioning yet) & ductus arteriosus shunted blood to aorta; becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth

Question 35

Diastole

Answer 35

filling, relaxation

Question 36

Systole

Answer 36

contraction

Question 37

What is the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 37

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry impulses throughout the heart muscles, signaling the chambers to contract in the proper sequence

Question 38

Sympathetic innervation of heart

Answer 38

increases rate of contraction, cervical and thoracic chain ganglia

Question 39

Parasympathetic innervation of heart

Answer 39

decrease rate of contraction, vagus nerve

Question 40

What is endothelium? What type of tissue is found here?

Answer 40

-simple squamous epithelium -lines lumen of blood vessels

Question 41

What are capillary beds?

Answer 41

network of capillaries running through tissues

Question 42

What structure fails in varicose veins?

Answer 42

valves

Question 43

What are vascular anastomoses?

Answer 43

Places where vessels interconnect, most organs receive blood from many vessels Arteriole and vein anastomoses

Question 44

blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation

Answer 44

Oxygen poor blood exits right ventricle through pulmonary trunk, which branches left and right to the lungs, there are 3 lobar arteries on the right and 2 on the left

Question 45

Fetal circulation: What organs are bypassed? What organ is in charge of nutrient and gas exchange circulation?

Answer 45

Lungs are bypassed and liver and joints are bypassed Placenta in charge of nutrient and gas exchange

Question 46

Why is the dural sinus interesting?

Answer 46

endothelium-lined channels of dura mater, drains veins of brains, comes together as sigmoid sinus and drains out internal jugular vein

Question 47

Why is the hepatic portal system interesting?

Answer 47

Hepatic portal system picks up digested nutrients from stomach and intestines and delivers them to liver Artery to capillaries of gut to haptic portal vein to liver to hepatic vein to inferior vena cava

Question 48

Systemic arteries

Answer 48

Brachiocephalic -right subclavian and right common carotid (internal carotid and external carotid) left common carotid (internal carotid and external carotid) left subclavian

Question 49

abdominal aorta

Answer 49

-common iliac -internal iliac and external iliac (femoral a)

Question 50

thoracic aorta

Answer 50

-celiac trunk -superior mesenteric -inferior mesenteric