Central Nervous System

Question 1

How many regions of brain?

Answer 1

4

Question 2

Cerebrum?

Answer 2

Outer most superficial folded layer - thoughts, emotions Ect

Question 3

Diencephalon?

Answer 3

Contain thalamus - gateway for sensory info, hypothalamus - homeostasis, hunger, ANS,
Pituitary gland - release hormones

Question 4

Brain stem

Answer 4

Connect brain to spinal cord and contain midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 5

Cerebellum?

Answer 5

Back of the brain known as the mini brain - coordinate movement of muscle

Question 6

Structural complexity of brain decreases?

Answer 6

Decreases from cerebrum to brain stem

Question 7

Gyri?

Answer 7

Elevated ridges or hills

Question 8

Sulci?

Answer 8

Valleys or grooves between gyri

Question 9

Fissures?

Answer 9

Deeper grooves that separate major cerebrum regions

Question 10

What do longitudinal fissures do?

Answer 10

Divide the brain into left and right hemispheres

Question 11

What is the cerebral cortex covered with?

Answer 11

Grey matter covers the superficial region of the cerebrum

Question 12

Where is the white matter in the brain?

Answer 12

Deep to the cortex

Question 13

How many lobes does the cerebrum have?

Answer 13

5

Question 14

Frontal lobe functions?

Answer 14

Front of the head -voluntary movement, attention, planning, decision and personality

Question 15

Temporal lobe?

Answer 15

Near the ears - auditory processing + memory + olfaction

Question 16

Parietal lobe?

Answer 16

Middle of head - body sensation, language comprehension + audio-visual integration

Question 17

Occipital lobe?

Answer 17

Back of head - visual processing

Question 18

Insula?

Answer 18

Deep to upper three lobes - memory, feelings + cognition

Question 19

Falx cerebri?

Answer 19

separates left and right hemispheres of the brain

Question 20

Pregyrus?

Answer 20

Front part of cerebrum - motor

Question 21

Post-gyrus

Answer 21

Back part of cerebrum - sensory

Question 22

Large portions of brain functions are dedicated to what?

Answer 22

Sensory touch & motor control

Question 23

Motor control & sensory processing are what?

Answer 23

Contralateral - the left motor controls the right limb

Question 24

Reduction of blood flow to right side of frontal lobe lead to paralysis in what side?

Answer 24

left side

Question 25

Types of cerebral white matter?

Answer 25

Commissural, association and projection fibers.

Question 26

Commissural fibers?

Answer 26

AKA corpus calusum connect grey areas of two hemispheres

Question 27

Association fibers?

Answer 27

Connect areas within same hemisphere

Question 28

Projection fibers?

Answer 28

Connect hemispheres with lower parts of spine or brain

Question 29

Visible spinal enlargements?

Answer 29

Superior cervical, inferior lumbar

Question 30

Conus Medullaris?

Answer 30

Conical structure that terminates spinal cord below the ribs

Question 31

Filum terminale?

Answer 31

Extensions of pia mater from conus medullaris that anchor the spine to coccynx

Question 32

What do spinal grey matter contain?

Answer 32

Cell bodies that form functional groups called nuclei which receive and output motor or sensory input

Question 33

What do spinal white matter contain?

Answer 33

Ascending (sensory) and descending tracts (motor)

Question 34

What is the central canal?

Answer 34

A small tube in the middle of the spine that extends of entire length and contains CSF

Question 35

What four structures protect the CNS?

Answer 35

Bone, meninges, CSF, blood brain barrier

Question 36

What are the 4 functions of meninges?

Answer 36

Cover & protect CNS, protect blood vessel & sinuses, contain CSF, form partisans in the skull

Question 37

What is the dura mater?

Answer 37

Outer most meninges made of double layer of connective tissue - periosteal fused deep to meninges and wraps around sinuses

Question 38

What is the Arachnoid mater?

Answer 38

Middle layer - thin avascular layer of collagen & elastic web-like extensions that provide primary blood network to brain and contain arachnoid villi that project into the sinuses

Question 39

What is the subdural space?

Answer 39

Layer of interstitial fluid between dura and arachnoid mater

Question 40

What is pia mater?

Answer 40

Inner most layer of delicate transparent connective tissue that adheres to the CNS and contains blood vessels to provide spine with nutrients

Question 41

What is the subarachnoid space?

Answer 41

Space between the arachnoid and pia mater which contain shock-absorbing CSF and drain into sinuses

Question 42

What is CSF formed from?

Answer 42

Blood plasma

Question 43

How does CSF circulate?

Answer 43

Circulates in 4 ventricles - 2 lateral ventricles, 1 between thalamus, 1 between brain stem and cerebellum

Question 44

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 44

In choroid plexuses – thin-walled capillaries in the ventricles enclosed by pia mater and tight junctions of ependymal cells

Question 45

How does CSF flow?

Answer 45

From lateral ventricles to the 4th ventricle each time increasing CSF volume, to the central canal of the spinal cord, subarachnoid space, and reabsorbed into bloodstream by arachnoid villi that lead to the Dural sinuses.

Question 46

Functions of CSF?

Answer 46

Mechanical protection, homeostatic function, and circulation of nutrition

Question 47

What is the blood brain barrier?

Answer 47

Blood-brain-barrier is a semipermeable tight junction of endothelium cell in brain capillaries along with astrocytes that regulate the permeability of the junctions and protect the CSF from chemical in the blood.

Question 48

At which sites is the BBB leaky?

Answer 48

In the hypothalamus, pineal gland, choroid plexuses and pituitary gland which may be sensitive to osmotic pressure or toxins