Cephalosporin

Question 1

Cephalosporins are isolated from?

Answer 1

Cephalosporium spp

Question 2

Cephalosoorin C is from what fungus?

Answer 2

Cephalosporium acremonium

Question 3

Three principal antibiotic components were isolated from Cephalosporium acremonium, what are these?

Answer 3

Cephalosporin P1, Cephalosporin N, and Cephalosporin C

Question 4

A steroid with minimal antibacterial activity

Answer 4

Cephalosporin P1

Question 5

It has a penicillin- like structure being a derivative of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, identical to Penicillin N.

Answer 5

Cephalosporin N

Question 6

It is a true cephalosporin and it is a derivative of 7-amino-ceohalosporanic acid

Answer 6

Cephalosporin C

Question 7

B-lactam ring of Cephalosporin is annealed to a six-membered __________

Answer 7

dihydrothiazine ring

Question 8

T or F

Cephalosporins are analogous to penicillin by binding to the penicillin-binding protein and MOA: INHIBIT CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Answer 8

True

Question 9

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA: ________

Answer 9

First-generation agent

Question 10

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA= ____________

Answer 10

parenteral use of third generation agent

Question 11

Cephalosporin generations are based on their _______ and their _______

Answer 11

time of discovery and antimicrobial properties

Question 12

• primarily active in vitro against gram positive cocci, group A B-hemolytic streptococci, and Streptococcus pneumoniae
• not effective against MRSA
• not significantly active against gram-negative bacteria

Answer 12

First generation cephalosporins

Question 13

First generation cephalosporins
Cephalexin
Cephradine
Cefadroxil
Cephalotin
Cephapirin
Cefazolin

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

• retain the anti-gram-positive activity of the first-generation drugs
• includes Haemoohilus influenzae
• better anti-gram-negative activity

Answer 14

Second Generation Cephalosporin

Question 15

Second Gen
Cefaclor
Loracarbef
Cefprozil
Cefuroxime
Cefdopoxime
Cefamandole
Cefonicid
Ceforanide
Cefoxitin
Cefotetan
Cefmetazole

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

• less active against staphylococci than the first
• more active against gram-negative bacteria
• useful against nosocomial multi drug resistant hospital-acquired strains
  Morganella sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are often sensitive

Answer 16

Third Gen

Question 17

Third Gen
Cefixime
Ceftibuten
Cefoperazone
Cefotaxime
Ceftizoxime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Moxalactam

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

• antibacterial spectrum like the third but add some enterobacteria that are resistant to the third
• active against some gram-positive organisms

Answer 18

Fourth Gen

Question 19

Fourth gen
Cefipime
Cefpirome

Answer 19

True

Question 20

• active against: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
• Penicillin-resistant streptococci
• Ampicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase producing Enterococcus faecalis
• activity similar of the third
• not active against Pseudomonas species

Answer 20

Fifth Gen

Question 21

Fifth Gen
Ceftaroline
Ceftobiprole

Answer 21

True

Question 22

It makes the drug more stable towards acid and penicillinase

Answer 22

Dihydrothiazine ring

Question 23

It is essential for Penicillin-binding protein reactivity and antibacterial activity

Answer 23

Beta-Lactam Ring

Question 24

Carboxyl group in Position 4 if converted into ester prodrugs, does what

Answer 24

Increase bioavailability and it can be given orally

Question 25

It influences the spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and potential for allergic reactions

Answer 25

Acyl Side Chain

Question 26

Replacement with methylene group sa carbon 1 , what happens?

Answer 26

Increase stability and half-life

Question 27

Replacement with oxygen=oxacepam in carbon 1, what happens

Answer 27

Increase antibacterial activity

Question 28

Double bond on position 4 to 3, if e change ang position, what happens?

Answer 28

Decreases antibacterial activity

Question 29

R1 on position 3 if mu attach ang -H, CH3, Cl, CH2OCH3, CH=CHR, kay what happens?

Answer 29

Increase acid stability, metabolic stability, and can be given orally

Question 30

Ammonium ion formed after protonation na attachment sa position Carbon 7 kay what happens?

Answer 30

Increase Stability and active orally

Question 31

If ma replace ang Aryl group or Phenyl ring sa side chain kay mu what?

Answer 31

Increase spectrum of sctivity, and pharmacokinetic properties