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Cereals > Cereal Pests > Flashcards

Cereal Pests Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of wireworm damage

A

Ragged holes below soil level; yellowin of outer or centre leaves to complete crop loss

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2
Q

What are the cultural control methods for wireworm

A

Early ploughing and cultivations; firm seed bed; adequate nutrition and optimum pH; rolling thinned crops to encourage tillering

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3
Q

What chemical control options are there for wireworm

A

Seed Treatment - Signal 300 ES (Cypermethrin)

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4
Q

What are the constraints of treated seed for wireworm

A

Autumn use only

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5
Q

At what temperature do leatherjacket larvae feed?

A

Whenever soil temperatures at night exceed 5 degrees C.

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6
Q

What are the cultural control methods for leatherjackets?

A

Plough out grass early in June-early August to prevent egg laying; firm seed bed; adequate nutrition and optimum pH; Rolling thinned crops to encourage tillering

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7
Q

Which pest causes dead-heart symptoms? What does it look like?

A

Frit Fly - Yellowing hollow shoot

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of frit fly

A

Dead heart symptoms, excessive tillering induced in larger plants, young plants killed

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9
Q

When should you drill spring oats to avoid frit fly damage?

A

Before mid-April

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10
Q

What are the cultural controls for frit fly damage?

A

Sow spring oats before mid-April; leave a gap of 6 weeks after ploughing out grass (5 weeks if spraying off) before drilling cereals; rolling thinned crops to encourage tillering

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11
Q

When do wireworm adults emerge and feed?

A

Autumn

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12
Q

What pest is an issue after vining peas?

A

Wheat Bulb Fly

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13
Q

When do WBF eggs hatch and the larvae invade the shoots?

A

Late Jan

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14
Q

Are early or late drilled crops at most risk of WBF damage?

A

Late drilled winter crops and early drilled spring crops

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15
Q

Where in the UK is WBF common?

A

central eastern England

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16
Q

What are the cultural control methods of wheat bulb fly?

A

Avoid bare ground in July/early August, delay cultivations in high risk locations following crops such as vining peas, adjust seed rates and drilling dates in high risk situations, rolling thinned crops to encourage tillering

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17
Q

What seed treatment can be used for WBF?

A

Signal - cypermethrin

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18
Q

For seedtreated with Signal, what is the drilling depth?

A

2.5-4cm

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19
Q

Why does adjusting the seed rates affect the control of WBF?

A

The larvae move from tiller to tiller so dense crops will with inestations will be more devastating

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20
Q

What is the difference between yellow cereal fly and WBF?

A

Yellow cereal fly less serious as they do not progress from tiller to tiller
Only affected crops emeged in early October

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21
Q

When do yellow cereal fly eggs hatch?

A

Feburary

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of yellow cereal fly damage?

A

Ring marking and dead-heart

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23
Q

What are the chemical controls for yellow cereal fly? when are they used?

A

Cythrin, Hallmark Zeon and Decis for use at egg hatch

Pyretheroid sprays applied to control BYDV vectors may give incidental control by reducing egg laying

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24
Q

What happens to cereals with Gout fly infestations?

A

Swelling and then rotting of main stems and primary tillers of winter wheat, barley and triticale in December -Feb

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25
Q

What happens to spring sown crops that are infested with gout fly?

A

The ear can fail to emerge

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26
Q

Were do the first gen gout fly eggs pupate?

A

Stem

27
Q

When do gout fly larvae pupate?

A

Feb-April

28
Q

How many generations of gout fly are there per crop?

A

2

29
Q

Where do the second gen of gout fly eggs pupate?

A

Upper emerged leavesof crops

30
Q

Are early or late drilled crops most at risk of Gout Fly damage?

A

Early

31
Q

When is the treatment of gout fly economically viable?

A

When half the plants at GS12 are found

32
Q

When do you spray for gout fly?

A

7 days after eggs are found

33
Q

What do you spray for gout fly?

A

pyretheroids

34
Q

What are the two aphids that are vectors of BYDV?

A

Grain aphid and bird cherry aphid

35
Q

Describe the cycle of BYDV.

A

Winged aphids introduce virus to newly emerged autumn cereal crops and their non-winged offspring spread the virus to neighboroughing plants

36
Q

What are the symptoms of BYDV damage?

A

Patches of stunted yellow plants in concentric circles

37
Q

What cultural factors affect the degree of risk of BYDV spreading?

A

Previous cropping and treatment of subbles (green bridge)
Drilling date - early drill = high risk
Location (Climate)
Temperature

38
Q

How is the timing of the second generation, non-winged offspring calculated?

A

Accumulating daily average air temperatures above a baseline temperature of 3 degrees. Takes around 170 day degrees for the second generation to be produced.

39
Q

What can be sprayed for BYDV? Give some examples of products and actives

A

Pyretheroids - lambda cyhalothrin (Hallmak Zeon), cypermethrin (Cythrin), Fluvalinate (Mavrik)

40
Q

Name a tolerant variety of winter barley to BYDV?

A

KWS Amistar

41
Q

Name a winter wheat variety resistant to BYDV.

A

Wolverine

42
Q

What does resistanct variety mean in terms of BYDV?

A

The virus cannot reproduce in the plant

43
Q

What does tolerant variety mean in terms of BYDV?

A

Virus still reproduces in the plan, symptoms are seen but a smaller yield reduction

44
Q

Which two aphids reduce the yield of cereals by direct feeding

A

Grain aphid and rose-grain aphid

45
Q

Under what environmental conditions is the risk of BYDV highest?

A

Dry, settled

46
Q

What are the AHDB thresholds for BYDV spraying grain/rose grain aphids in summer?

A

Half tillers infested before GS61

2/3 tillers infested form GS61 to two weeks before the end of grain filling

47
Q

What is sprayed in summer to protect cereals against summer aphids?

A

Pyretheroids - Llambda-cyhalothrin (Hallmark Zeon), Fluvalinate (Mavrik)

48
Q

What product and active is used as a feeding blocker for aphids?

A

Flonicamid in Teppeki

49
Q

How many eggs per year can a grey field slug produce?

A

up to 500

50
Q

Name 8 risk factors of grey field slugs

A

Medium-heavy soil texture; loose cloddy seed beds; moist mild weather; favourable previous cropping (OSR); trashy crop residues, late sowing, thin or backwards crop, prior history of damage

51
Q

What are the cultural management options for grey field slugs?

A

Increase seed rates, make seed beds fine, firm and consolidated. Drill deeper, monitor and set traps with chicken mash

52
Q

How long are pellets effective for once applied to the soil?

A

4-7 days

53
Q

What are the two types of slug pellet? When will one of them be revoked?

A

Metaldehyde - revoked 31/3/22

Ferric phosphaet

54
Q

When do orange wheat blossom midges feed?

A

grain filling

55
Q

How long do orange wheat blossom midge cocoons survive in the soil?

A

5 years

56
Q

When do orange wheat blossom midges emerge?

A

From end of may

57
Q

What are the cultural control methods for orange wheat blossom midge control?

A

Grow resistant variety - Skyfall

58
Q

What are the chemical control options for orange wheat blossom midge?

A

Llambda-cyhalothrin (Hallmark Zeon)

59
Q

What is the disclaimer for orange wheat blossom midge sprays

A

only 60% reduction

60
Q

How are fields monitored for OWBM?

A

pheromone traps, yellow sticky traps

61
Q

What are the spray thresholds for OWBM sprays?

A

Milling and seed crops = 1 midge per 6 ears at GS51-59

For feed crops - 1 midge/3 ears GS51-59

62
Q

What Is the spray window for spraying OWBM between eggs laid and eggs hatching?

A

4 days

63
Q

What minor pest can increase the lodging risk of cereals?

A

Saddle Gall midge

64
Q

What is the max application rate of metaldehyde?

A

210g per crop

Cereals (3 decks)

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