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Cerebellum Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Receives information about motor planning/intention and motor performance to modify ongoing movements and central motor plans.

Co-ordination, calibration, learning and automating of skilled movements

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2
Q

Three cerebellum parts?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

Spinocerebellum

Ponto-/Neo-/Cerebro-cerebellum

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3
Q

Role of vestibulocerebellum

A

Orientation of head and body (balance/posture) and corresponding eye movements

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4
Q

Role of spinocerebellum

A

Control of axial and limb musculature (motor execution)

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5
Q

Role of cerebrocerebellum

A

Planning and timing precise movements (motor planning) and cognitive regulation.

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6
Q

Does the cerebellum work contralaterally or ipsilaterally?

A

Ipsilaterally (right sided cerebellum controls right hand sided movements)

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7
Q

What is the midline structure of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

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8
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum lie anatomically?

A

In the centre, vermis and paravermal area

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9
Q

Where does the cerebrocerebellum lie anatomically?

A

Lateral to the spinocerebellum

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10
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum lie anatomically?

A

Inferior facing the pons

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11
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum consist of?

A

Central nodulus, lateral flocculus

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12
Q

What are the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Fastigial, Interposed, Dentate

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13
Q

Where does the fastigial nuclei lie?

A

Most medially in the vermis

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14
Q

Where does the interposed nuclei lie?

A

Paravermis

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15
Q

Where does the dentate nuclei lie?

A

Lateral cerebrocerebellum

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16
Q

Where do the cerebellar inputs and outputs collectively lie?

A

In three cerebellar peduncles: superior, middle and inferior

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17
Q

What is the superior peduncle role and where does it send/receive?

A

Efferents (to thalamus and midbrain) OUTPUT

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18
Q

What is the middle peduncle role and where does it send/receive?

A

Afferents from pons (~20 million axons) INPUT

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19
Q

What is the inferior peduncle role and where does it send/receive?

A

Afferents from vestibular nuclei, spine, and inferior olive INPUT

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20
Q

Where do vestibulocerebellum inputs enter?

A

Inputs to flocculonodular lobe

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21
Q

What inputs to the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Direct input from primary sensory afferents (e.g. from semicircular canals) (the only sensory system that inputs directly to cerebellum without a relay in brain stem)

Input from vestibular nuclei (secondary afferents)

Inferior olive

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22
Q

What is the only sensory system that inputs directly to the cerebellum without a brainstem relay?

A

Semi circular canals

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23
Q

Where do outputs of vestibulocerebellum exit?

A

Projects back to the vestibular nuclei.

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24
Q

Where do outputs via fastigial nucleus go?

A

Efferents travel via the inferior cerebellar peduncle to the vestibular nuclei.

Fastigial nucleus to v/m brainstem descending systems (vestibulo-, reticulo-, and cortico-spinal tracts via thalamocortical relay)

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25
Where do outputs via interposed nucleus go?
Interposed nuclei to d/l brainstem descending systems (rubro- and cortico-spinal tracts)
26
Lesions of vestibulo-cerebellum
Poor balance, nystagmus (eye drift and jump)
27
What are spinocerebellum inputs ?
Sensory and motor cortex (instruction) Spinocerebellar tracts: Neck and trunk, Limbs Inferior olivary nuclei
28
Where do outputs of spinocerebellum exit?
Vermis via fastigial nuclei, paravermis via interposed nuclei
29
Lesions of medial zone spinocerebellum?
Problems standing or walking
30
Lesions of intermediate zone spinocerebellum?
Poor accuracy, action tremor (3-5 Hz)
31
Cerebrocerebellum inputs?
Inputs From cortex via pons (80% of all corticofugal fibres are corticopontine)
32
Where do cerebrocerebellum outputs exit?
Cerebellar dentate nucleus
33
Where does cerebellar dentate gyrus exit?
Via VL thalamus to motor cortical areas, prefrontal cortex
34
Lesions of lateral hemispheres cerebrocerebellum?
Disrupts multi-joint movements e.g. reaching and grasping objects
35
How many neurons does the cerebellar outer cortex contain?
100 thousand million neurons (half of all brain neurons)
36
What are the principle input cells of the cerebellum?
Mossy fibre inputs
37
What do mossy fibres synapse onto?
Granule cells
38
What synapse is mossy fibre onto granule cell?
Excitatory glutaminergic
39
What do granule cells project to?
Principle cells in the outer cortical layer: Purkinje neurons
40
What synapse is granule cell to purkinje cell?
Excitatory glutaminergic
41
How is the output of purkinje neurons finetuned?
Interneurons (granule cells excite interneurons, but interneurons directly inhibit purkinje cells and indirectly by inhibiting granule cells)
42
What are the types of interneurons?
Golgi, stellate and basket cells
43
What do purkinje cells synapse onto?
Send inhibitory output to deep nucleus neurons
44
What synapse is purkinje cells to deep nucleus neurons?
Inhibitory
45
What is an alternative input to the cerebellum?
Climbing fibre output from the inferior olive
46
What do climbing fibres synapse on?
Excite the purkinje and deep nucleus neurons
47
What is the role of climbing fibres?
Responds to unexpected stimuli (i.e. mismatch errors between cerebellar output and spine ascending afferents). Receives cerebellar output and input from the spine, when balanced, no signal, but when mismatch, sending of error signal.
48
What are the three layers of the cerebellar outer cortex, how are they arranged?
Inner Granule cell (GC) layer Middle Purkinje cell (PC) layer Outermost Molecular layer:
49
What does the granule cell layer consist of?
Mossy fibre inputs, Golgi interneurons
50
What does the purkinje cell layer consist of?
Principal output neurons to deep nuclei
51
What does the molecular layer consist of?
PC dendrites, GC parallel fibres, climbing fibres, stellate and basket interneurons
52
What is the functionality of mossy fibre inputs?
Mossy fibre inputs generate simple spikes in Purkinje cells. Granule cells form parallel fibres, convergence onto purkinje cells
53
What forms parallel fibres?
Granule cells
54
How many parallel fibre inputs from GCs to purkinje cells to summate to cause spikes?
~200
55
What is simple spike frequency modulated by?
Sensory and motor inputs (e.g. visual, muscle spindles, motor commands)
56
What does purkinje cell activity do?
Inhibits output nuclei to offset motor overshoot for finessing (calibration and optimisation)
57
What do climbing fibres do functionally?
Generates complex spikes in Purkinje cells
58
Where do climbing fibres originate?
Contralateral inferior olive
59
How many CFs innervate one purkinje cell, how?
1, but woven round with ~300 synapses
60
What is a complex spike?
Large EPSP, Ca2+ dependent not an AP
61
What electrical activity do sensory stimuli or movement elicit?
1-2 complex spikes
62
What does the complex spike/CF input lead to?
Complex spike opens Ca2+ channels and mediates a change in efficacy of mossy fibre inputs leading to a long term depression (LTD) of parallel fibre/PC synapses. Climbing fibre activation leads to LTD of parallel fibres
63
How does climbing fibres and LTD underpin motor learning?
Complex (CF) spike depresses PF inputs that were active up to 200 ms earlier Climbing fibres report ‘error’ to P-cells. A ‘difference detection’ from the ascending information from the IO (CFs) to the signals from parallel fibres that the PC is receiving. Climbing fibres ‘teach’ Purkinje cells of the set of parallel fibres to which they should become less responsive
64
Basket cells receive?
Excitatory GC input like P-cells
65
Role and action of basket cells?
Axons project to neighbouring P-cells forming a basket Excitation reduces activity in ‘off-beam’ P-cells - “lateral inhibition”
66
Stellate cells action?
Short-range within-beam inhibition of P-cells.
67
Golgi cells inputs?
Receive excitatory input from parallel fibres
68
Golgi cells action?
Project back to granule cells Feedback inhibition to curtail duration of excitement of granule cells by mossy fibres
69
How is the cerebellum involved in the VOR?
Adaptation and learning when wearing prismatic lenses
70
What happens to spikes when learning a new task? What happens when it is learnt?
Stereotyped activity in simple spikes (mossy fibres) Increased frequency of complex spikes (climbing fibres) Gradual decrease in simple spikes As task is learned Freq of complex spikes returns to control Freq of simple spikes remains decreased
71
Cerebellar disorder symptoms include:
Incoordination of fine movement Dysmetria: poor accuracy of movement Postural ataxia: Incoordination of axial muscles, postural instability, staggering wide-based ataxic gait - alcohol Tremor: Low frequency high amplitude oscillations of a limb as it approaches target (intention tremor) (overshooting, overcompensating, 'hunting' to find target) or proximal limb in fixed posture (postural tremor) Dysdiadochokinesis – poor rapid alternating movements Hypotonia: decreased muscle tone Dysarthria - slurred speech Nystagmus - Involuntary, rapid oscillation of the eyeballs
72
Where do flocculonodular lobe synapses go?
Fibers from the flocculonodular lobe synapse directly on vestibular nuclei without first passing through the deep cerebellar nuclei.
73
Nucleus receiving fibres from the interposed and dentate nucleus of the cerebellum?
Red nucleus
74
What peduncle does dentate output travel in?
Superior
75
What peduncle does interposed output travel in?
Superior
76
What peduncle does fastigial output travel in?
Inferior
77
Neurotransmitter released from granule cells in the cerebellum is
Glutamate
78
The pons provides excitatory input to the cerebellar cortex
T
79
Purkinje cells are the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex
T
80
The dentate nucleus receives innervation from both Purkinje and pontine cells
F
81
Granule cells make excitatory connections with Purkinje cells
T
82
Climbing fibres originate in neurons of the inferior olivary complex
T
83
Which is the main tract conveying proprioceptive information from the lower limbs to the cerebellum?
Dorsal spino-cerebellar tract
84
Which is the major spinal relay nucleus for proprioceptive information from the lower limbs projecting to the cerebellum?
Clarke’s column
85
Which deep cerebellar nucleus is concerned with vestibular outputs?
Fastigial nucleus
86
Which is the major input pathway to the cerebellum from the pontine nuclei?
Middle cerebellar
87
What are the major output neurons of the cerebellar cortex? Which neurotransmitter do these cells use?
Purkinje cell, GABA
88
With which cells do parallel fibres synapse?
Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurons: basket cells and stellate cells
89
Thalamus is a major target of axons within the superior cerebellar peduncle
True
90
Mossy fibres terminate on
Granule cells in cerebellar cortex and also in the deep cerebellar nuclei
91
Climbing fibres terminate
In cerebellar cortex on purkinje cells and also in the deep cerebellar nuclei
92
The cerebellum has motor effects on which side of the body?
Ipsilateral
93
Brainstem location of neurons that relay cerebral cortical information to the cerebellar hemispheres
Pons/middle cerebellar peduncle
94
A common effect on the eye of cerebellar damage
Nystagmus (rapid involuntary movement of the eye)
95
Which of the following is the principal target of axons from the intermediate/interposed (globose and emboliform) nuclei?
Red nucleus
96
Which of the following cerebellar neuron types is NOT inhibitory?
Granule cell
97
Purkinje cell axons make direct synaptic contact with
Golgi cells Basket cells, stellate cells, granule cells, climbing fibres, cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei
98
The molecular layer of the cerebellum contains
Basket cells, stellate cells, purkinje cell axons, parallel fibres (granule cell axons)
99
Semicircular canals
Ouput to the vestibular nucleus (superior and medial)
100
Lesions in the vermis cause
Gait and truncal ataxia (depression, inappropriate emotional responses)
101
Lesions in the cerebellar hemisphere cause
Ipsilateral limb ataxia

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