Glia

Question 1

What are neurofilaments?

Answer 1

Intermediate filaments part of the cytoskeleton

Question 2

Kinesin moves organelles

Answer 2

Away from soma

Question 3

Dynein moves organelles

Answer 3

To the soma

Question 4

Two types of macroglia of the CNS

Answer 4

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

Question 5

Is there microglia in the PNS?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

What are the PNS equivalent of astrocyte?

Answer 6

Satellite cells and enteric ganglia

Question 7

What is the PNS oligodendrocyte equivalent?

Answer 7

Schwann cells

Question 8

What glial cells are found in the retina?

Answer 8

Muller cells

Question 9

What are ependymal cells?

Answer 9

Form neuroepithelium that lines ventricles and makes cerebrospinal fluid,

Question 10

Astrocytes develop from

Answer 10

Radial progenitors

Question 11

Mature astrocytes are known as

Answer 11

Stellate cells

Question 12

How do astrocytes communicate?

Answer 12

Gap junctions

Question 13

Which cells myelinate the central axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons?

Answer 13

Oligodendrocytes

Question 14

Which cells remove excess glutamate at excitatory synapses?

Answer 14

Astrocytes

Question 15

Which cells form the outer surface of the CNS?

Answer 15

Astrocytes

Question 16

Cells are responsible for production of all neurons in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

Astrocytes

Question 17

How is GABA transmission terminated?

Answer 17

Uptake of GABA by GABA transporter 2/3 (GAT 2/3) into astrocytes, where GABA transaminase (GABAT) converts it into succinic semialdehyde (SSA).

Question 18

How is neuronal glutamate supplied?

Answer 18

Neuronal glutamate (Glu) is synthesized from glutamine (Gln) supplied by glial cells.

Question 19

How is glutamate removed from synapse?

Answer 19

Moves back into glial cells via EAAT1/2

Question 20

What do astrocytes provide to neurons? (metabolism)

Answer 20

Lactate

Question 21

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 21

CNS myelin degeneration, autoimmune disorder. Leads to ataxia, fatigue, chronic pain, bowel incontinence.

Question 22

Guillian Barre

Answer 22

PNS myelin degeneration

Question 23

How neuron to oligodendrocyte ratio vs neuron to myelin ratio?

Answer 23

One oligodendrocyte will myelinate several neurons clumping them together

Several Schwann cells for one neuron

Question 24

% of brain cells which are microglia

Answer 24

2.5-10%

Question 25

What type of cell are microglia, where do they originate?

Answer 25

Macrophage, from mesoderm derived from monocytic lineage of yolk sac

Question 26

Four states of microglia

Answer 26

Ramified (surveilling/resting): when there is no pathology, this state is assumed. Activated (reactive): injury or assault to the brain. Phagocytic: phagocytotic function when activated Dystrophic: aged or mature microglia show abnormal morphology. Have more processes and swellings.

Question 27

The ionic composition of the cerebrospinal fluid is maintained by

Answer 27

Ependymal cells

Question 28

Peripheral nerve repair is stimulated by

Answer 28

Schwann cells

Question 29

The blood brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between

Answer 29

Endothelial cells

Question 30

Blood brain barrier

Answer 30

Interstitial fluid – blood

Question 31

Blood – CSF barrier

Answer 31

CSF – blood (different barriers for ventricular CSF and blood and subdural CSF – blood)

Question 32

CSF – interstitial barrier permeability

Answer 32

Fully permiable

Question 33

What cells cover endothelia at BBB?

Answer 33

Pericytes

Question 34

How are astrocytes associated with the blood brain barrier?

Answer 34

Astrocytes extend astrocytic end feet onto blood vessel forming a neurovascular unit Around the small vessels the basal laminae of vessels and glial cell fuse, and the subpial layer of glial endfeet becomes continuous with the perivascular endfeet.

Question 35

Pericytes are

Answer 35

Contractile cell of the blood vessel

Question 36

What other action as well as contractility can pericytes have?

Answer 36

Phagocytosis

Question 37

What cells are responsible for the induction of BBB properties in endothelial cells?

Answer 37

Astrocytes

Question 38

What is the relative potassium concentration of CSF compared to plasma?

Answer 38

Lower in CSF (Na+ and chloride are higher)