Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Limbic system 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Limbic system 2 Deck (41)
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1
Q

True false - all tasks are bilaterally arranged in the cortex

A
  • FALSE, some are bilateral but many are unilateral
  • ex. lesion the non-fluent aphasia portion of the left hemisphere and have deficit, lesion same location on right hemisphere no deficit!
2
Q

List two examples of bilateral tasks arrangement

A
  • hearing

- motor function (RLE on left side, LLE on right side)

3
Q

What happens if bilateral lesion of parahippocampus? unilateral lesion?

A
  • bilateral: can’t make new memories

- unilateral: no problems

4
Q

when does lateralization of the brain occur?

A
  • early, it is reinforced by growth, development, and experience
5
Q

symptoms of right parietal lobe lesions

A
  • hemineglect syndrome
  • ignore anything in left visual field: draw clock with all numbers on right side
  • almost exclusively after right lesions
  • loss of recognition of spacial relations
  • loss of prosody (ability o understand voice inflection, = monotone voice)
6
Q

What are the two components of language function

A
  1. verbal - use and understanding of spoken, written, or read words (what you say), generally in the left cortex
  2. nonverbal - affective components such as inflection, intensity, emotion. Also called prosody, generally in teh right cortex
7
Q

how much of the meaning of language is derived from prosody?

A

80-90%

8
Q

What is the dominant language hemisphere for right handed people? left handed people?

A
  • Right handed: 96% left dominant, 4% right
  • left handed: 70% left dominant, 15% right, 15% both
    • Broca’s is located in dominant language hemisphere
9
Q

What happens if you lose Broca’s area?

what is this called?

A
  • can’t drive larynx, can’t speak
  • can understand written and verbal language
  • Broca’s aphasia, motor aphasia, or expressive aphasia
10
Q

If right handed and have a stroke of the left middle cerebral artery, what is most likely speech related deficit?

A
  • most people will have lost Broca’s area and won’t be able to speak
11
Q

What happens if a young child damages Broca’s area on the dominant side?

A

can develop a speech center on the opposite side (plasticity)

12
Q

Split brain study:

- if cut corpus callosum what happens

A
  • right hemisphere knows what it is seeing
  • left brain can’t process what it is seeing
  • left hand can write what it sees (bc right brain knows what it is)
  • right hand can’t write what it is bc left brain never knew what it saw
    • he went over a bunch of other examples of this…
13
Q

How are Wernicke’s and Broca’s connected?

A
  • Wernicke’s interprets spoken language

- “tells” broca’s what to say in response to interpretation

14
Q

What happens if Wernicke’s has a lesion

A
  • can hear what is said but can’t produce meaningful language
  • answer is completely wrong, words in wrong order
  • Wernicke’s aphasia or receptive aphasia
  • often do not know what saying is wrong
15
Q
define;
difficulty speaking
inability to speak
difficulty in reading
inability to read
A
  • dysphasia
  • aphasia
  • dyslexia
  • alexia
16
Q

Define:

  • apraxia

- agnosia

A
  • loss of task performance without loss of movement (agraphia)
  • loss of the significance of a sense: astereognosia, visual agnosia, auditory agnosia, amusia
17
Q

Where is memory in the cortex

A

distributed widely

18
Q

types of memories (not classification)

A
  • auditory
  • visual
  • olfactory
  • procedural
19
Q

How are memories generated, how long do they last?

A
  • by experiences and practice

- can be fleeting or long lasting

20
Q

What structure “moves” memories from ST to LT

A

hippocampus

21
Q

re-written memories

A

add new information to a memory

22
Q

Two types of memory classification

A
  1. declarative (facts and events)

2. non declarative (procedural such as riding a bike, classical conditioning)

23
Q

What two brain structures can learn via classical conditioning?

A
  • cerebellum: pavlovs salvation

- amygdala: emotional conditioning, fear of a snake

24
Q

What brain structures are involved in procedural memory?

A

basal ganglia

25
Q

What type of memory loss when lesion hippocampus bilaterally

A

anterograde, can’t make new memories

26
Q

Four Fs of limbic function

A
  • fighting (aggression)
  • flight
  • feeding
  • fooling around
  • emotional/visceral brain
27
Q

What is the role of the limbic system

A
  • attach emotion to the moment

- determine physiologic response to the moment

28
Q

What are the components of the limbic system (4)

A
  • olfactory system
  • temporal lobe (parahippocampi and hippocampus)
  • amygdala
  • papez circuit
29
Q

Overview of olfaction circuitry

A
  • nerves through cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • synapse in the olfactory bulb
  • project into the brain
30
Q

Where do projections from the olfactory bulb go? Why is this significant?

A
  • piriform cortex and entorhinl cortex
  • also amygdala
    • straight to cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus, only sense to do this
31
Q

What is sensitive about the circuitry of olfactory sensation?

A

sensitive to hypoxia

- temporal lobe epilepsy will often have an aura of a very unpleasant smell

32
Q

Why is the hippocampus so sensitive to hypoxia?

A
  • high metabolic rate

= memory is one of the first things to be lost after hypoxic events

33
Q

Papez circuitry (9)

A
  • cingulate cortex
  • cingulum
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • fornix
  • mammillary bodies
  • mammillothalamic tract
  • anterior nucleus of thalamus
  • cingulate cortex
34
Q

Lesion of the temporal lobe likely to cause what condition?

A

Alzheimer’s

- related to ACh

35
Q

Bilateral lesion of the amygdala causes what condition?

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

36
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome sx

A
  • flat affect
  • loss of learning
  • excessive exploratory behavior
  • hyperphagia
  • abnormal sexual behavior (mount everything)
37
Q

Temporal lobe epilepsy sx

A
  • aura of odor (orbital, frontal, entorhinal)
  • deja vu (hippocampus)
  • anxiety (amygdala)
  • rage (amygdala)
  • autonomic response
38
Q

Dementia

- related to loss of what part of the brain

A

typically associated with lesions of the hippocampus

39
Q

Four types of memory that can be lost

A
  • anterograde: can’t make new memories
  • retrograde: past memories
  • declarative: events that can be recalled, peoples names, faces
  • non-declarative: riding a bike, music, language
40
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A
  • dysfunction/degeneration of mammillary bodies
  • assoc. with ethos abuse and lack of thiamine
  • confusion, memory loss, AMS, gate abnormality

*thiamine before glucose

41
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A
  • etoh
  • amnestic confabulatory syndrome
  • fanciful realities
  • may visually hallucinate