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Neuroscience - Test 1 > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

0
Q

What is the purpose of the gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex?

A

Help increase surface area of the brain and allow more neurons to be compacted into a smaller cranial space

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1
Q

What are the four hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

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2
Q

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

Temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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3
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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4
Q

What does the (median) longitudinal fissure separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the cerebral cortex?

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum

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6
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Cognition, memory, language, perception, and control of complex movement

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7
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure divide?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

What does the transverse fissure divide?

A

Cerebrum from the cerebellum

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9
Q

What does the lateral (sylvian) fissure divide?

A

Temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

What are the three main arteries associated with the cerebral cortex?

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

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11
Q

What does the ACA supply?

A

Cortex and anterior medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes

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12
Q

What does the MCA supply?

A

Cortex superior to the sylvian fissure, internal capsule, globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate (structures of basil ganglia)

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13
Q

What does the PCA supply?

A

Midbrain, occipital lobe, and portions of the medial and inferior temporal lobes

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14
Q

What do the ventricles contain?

A

CSF

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15
Q

How many ventricles do we have in the brain and where are they located?

A

Four…
(1 and 2) Lateral ventricles - one in each cerebral hemisphere
(3) Third ventricle - located in the diencephalon
(4) Fourth ventricle - surrounded by the pons, medulla, and cerebellum

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16
Q

What is the flow of the lateral ventricles ?

A

Lateral ventricles flow into the 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramen

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17
Q

What is the flow of the 3rd ventricle?

A

3rd ventricle flows into the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aquaduct

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18
Q

What is the third ventricle?

A

Slit like cavity between the right and left halves of the diencephalon

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19
Q

Where is the CSF?

A

Produced in the choroid plexus

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20
Q

Where does the CSF flow after the 4th ventricle?

A

To subarachnoid space through the foramina of Lushka and Magendie and then from the subarachnoid space up to the arachnoid granulations and reabsorbed into the bloodstream

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21
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Memory formation, emotions, decision making/reasoning, personality, and movement

22
Q

What are the five major functional regions of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca’s area, and the prefrontal cortex

23
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Area of voluntarily controlled movements (where movement starts) - aka motor homunculus

24
Q

What are the functions of the supplementatry motor area?

A

Motor planning (initiation of movement), stores motor programs (ex: walking), directs activity of the PMC, and orientation of the eyes and head

25
Q

What is the function of the premotor area?

A

Controls trunk and girdle muscles and stabilizes the shoulders during upper limb tasks and the hips during walking

26
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Planning movement of the mouth during speech and grammatical aspects of language

27
Q

Where is Broca’s area usually located?

A

Left hemisphere

28
Q

What is the function of the area analagous to Broca’s?

A

Plans nonverbal communication (emotional gestures and tone of voice)

29
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Senses and intergrates sensations, spatial awareness, and proprioception

30
Q

What are the three cortical regions of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory (parietal) association cortex, and the primary gustatory cortex

31
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)?

A

Processes tactile and proprioceptive information

32
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

A

Integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space and assists with visuo-motor coordination

33
Q

What is the function of the primary gustatory cortex?

A

Interpretation of the sensation of taste

34
Q

What are the four primary sensory areas of the cortex?

A

Primary somatosensory, primary auditory, primary visual, and primary vestibular

35
Q

Where are the motor and sensory homunculus located in relation to the central sulcus?

A

Motor - anterior to central sulcus

Sensory - posterior to central sulcus

36
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision and visual stimuli

37
Q

What are the two cortical regions of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex and the visual association area

38
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Sight - recognition of size, color, light, motion, and dimensions

39
Q

What is the function of the visual association area?

A

Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex

40
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing, organization/comprehension of language, and information retrieval (memory)

41
Q

What are the temporal lobe structures?

A

Primary auditory cortex, inferotemporal cortex, primary olfactory cortex, wernicke’s area, amygdala, and the hippocampus

42
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

White matter tract that connects Broca’s area to Wernicke’s aread and allows for coordination and comprehensible speech

43
Q

What is the insular lobe?

A

Fifth cerebral lobe - involved in taste processing

44
Q

What are the six layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

Molecular layer, external granular layer, external pyramidal layer, internal granular layer, internal pyramidal layer, and multiform layer

45
Q

What layer of the cerebral cortex is the PMC located?

A

Layer V - Internal pyramidal layer

46
Q

What layer of the cerebral cortex is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Layer IV - internal granular layer

47
Q

What are the two types of pyramidal cells?

A

Betz cells and dendritic spines

48
Q

What are the two types of nonpyramidal cells?

A

Fusiform cells and stellate cells

49
Q

What are the two types of hemispheral connections?

A

Association fibers - arise in same hemisphere

Commisural fibers - arise in contralateral hemisphere

50
Q

What type of fibers does the corpus callosum have?

A

Commissural fibers

51
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Bundle of axons that connects the two sides of the cerebrum

52
Q

What are the three subcortical structures?

A

Thalamus, limbic system, and hippocampus

Neuroscience - Test 1 (7 decks)

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