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Neurology > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of brain

A 
Molecular - superficial
External granular 
External pyramidal 
Internal granular 
Internal pyramidal 
Multiform - deep
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2
Q

Regions of brain

A

52
By cytoarchitecture
Brodmann

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3
Q

Frontal lobe

A 
Motor function
Language
Cognitive function
Attention
Memory
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4
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensation
Sensory of language
Spatial orientation and self perception

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5
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual

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6
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory
Emotions
Memories

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7
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, cingulate gyrus

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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8
Q

Insular cortex

A

Deep within lateral fissure

Visceral sensation, autonomic control, interoception, auditory processing, visual vestibular integration

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9
Q

Internal structures

A

Grey matter - neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

White matter - Myelinated neuronal axons

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10
Q

White matter tracts

A

Connect cortical areas

Association fibres - same hemisphere
Commissural fibres - right and left hemisphere
Projection fibres - Cortex with lower brain structures

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11
Q

Association fibres

A

Superior longitudinal fasciculus - frontal and occipital
Arcuate fasciculus - frontal and temporal
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus - temporal and occipital
Uncinate fasciculus - frontal and temporal

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12
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Corpus callosum - surgically disconnected for intractable or untreatable epilepsy
Anterior commissure

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13
Q

Projection fibres

A

Afferent - toward cortex
Efferent - away from cortex
Radiate as corona radiata deeper to cortex
Converge through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganaglia

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14
Q

Localisation of function

A

Primary cortices - function predictable, organised topographically, symmetrical
Secondary corices - function less predictable, not organised topographically, not symmetrical

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15
Q

Frontal lobe regions

A

Primary motor cortex - fine, precise, voluntary movement - provide descending signal to execute movements
Supplementary motor cortex - planning complex movements - internally cued
Premotor area - planning externally cued

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16
Q

Parietal lobe regions

A

Primary somatosensory - somatic sensation from receptors in body, fine touch, vibration, pain
Somatosensory association - interpret significance of sensory info, aware of self and space

17
Q

Occipital lobe regions

A

Primary visual - process visual stimuli

Visual association - interpret visual input

18
Q

Temporal lobe regions

A

Primary auditory - process auditory stimuli

Auditory association - interpret aduditory input

19
Q

Other areas

A

Broca’s - produce speech
Wernicke’s - understanding language
Profrontal cortex - attention, social behaviour, decision making

19
Q

Frontal lobe lesions

A

Changes in personality

Inappropriate behaviour

19
Q

Parietal lobe lesions

A

e.g. lesion in right hemisphere
Contralateral neglect
Lack of awareness of self on left side
Lack of awareness of left side of extrapersonal space

19
Q

Temporal lobe lesions

A

Leads to agnosia, inability to recognise

Could not form new memories - anterograde amnesia

20
Q

Lesions to Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas

A

Broca’s area - Expressive aphasia – poor production of speech, comprehension intact
Wernicke’s area - Receptive aphasia – poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

21
Q

Primary visual cortex lesion

A

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

22
Q

Visual association lesion

A

deficits in interpretation of visual information e.g. prosopagnosia: inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

23
Q

Assessing cortical function – imaging

A

Positron emission tomography (PET) - blood flow directly to a brain region
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - amount of blood oxygen in a brain region
Electroencephalography (EEG) - Measures electrical signals produces by the brain
Magnetoencephalography – (MEG) - Measures magnetic signals produces by the brain

24
Q

Assessing cortical function – brain stimulation

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - assessthefunctionalintegrity of neural circuits, uses electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) - Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

25
Q

Assessing structure – imaging

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) - Based on diffusionof water molecules
DTI with tractography - 3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

26
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune

Loss of myelin from neurons of CNS

27
Q

MS symptoms

A 
Blurred vision
Fatigue
Difficulty walking
Paraesthesia
Muscle stiffness
28
Q

Peripheral nerve stimulation

A

Activation of motor axon cause muscle contraction (a twitch) recorded by EMG - M wave
Same stimulus may cause activation of sensory axons - travel to spinal cord and cause twitch - H reflex
Large stimulus cause activation to occur antidromatically - travel to spinal cord in opposite direction and cause motor neurons to activate - F wave

29
Q

Total motor conduction time

A

Time from brain to muscle
PMCT = (M+F-1)/2 - -1 time taken for action potential to turn around
CMCT = TMCT-PMCT
In MS - TMCT decrease but PMCT normal

Neurology (9 decks)

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