cerebral cortex

Question 1

describe the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

Covers the entire surface of the brain
with deep nuclei containing grey matter
highly folded into gyri and sulci
organized into lobes

Question 2

describe the microscopic organization of the cerebral cortex

Answer 2

organized into layers and columns

Question 3

how many regions is the brain divided into, and based on what

Answer 3

52 regions, based on cytoarchitecture

Question 4

what is cytoarchitecture

Answer 4

organizing cells based on :
cell size
spacing or packing density
layers

Question 5

what do areas 1>4 relate to

Answer 5

they relate to function
123 somatosensory cortex
4 primary motor cortex

Question 6

what are the functions of the frontal lobe

Answer 6

the frontal lobe is CALMM
regulating and initiation motor function
language
memory
attention
cognitive function (executive function i.e planning)

Question 7

what are the functions of the parietal lobe

Answer 7

Sensation (ofc as it contains the somatosensory cortex)
the sensory aspect of language
spatial orientation and self preception

Question 8

what is the function of the occiptal lobe

Answer 8

proccess visual information

Question 9

what is the function of the temporal lobe

Answer 9

Processing auditory information
emotions
memories

Question 10

what does the limbic lobe include

Answer 10

Amygdala
hippocampus
mamillary body
cingualte gyrus

Question 11

what is the limbic lobe concerned with

Answer 11

LEMoR
learning
memory
emotion
motivation and reward

Question 12

where is the insular cortex found

Answer 12

Lies deep within the lateral fissure

Question 13

what is the insular cortex concerned with

Answer 13

Visceral sensation
autonomic control
interoception
auditory processing,
visual-vestibular intergration

Question 14

where is the grey matter relative to the white matter and what does it include

Answer 14

Superficial to white matter
contains neuronal cell bodies and glial cells, 85 bn of each

Question 15

where is the white matter relative to the grey matter and what does it include

Answer 15

Deeper to grey matter,
contains myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

Question 16

white matter is arranged in tracts, what do they do?

Answer 16

connect cortical areas

Question 17

what do association fibers do

Answer 17

connect areas within the same hemisphere, can be long or short

Question 18

what do commissural fibers do

Answer 18

connect homologous structures in the left and right hemisphere

Question 19

what do projection fibers do

Answer 19

connect cortex with lower brain structures
thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord

Question 20

what association fibers connect frontal and occipital lobes

Answer 20

superior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 21

what association fibers connect frontal and temporal

Answer 21

arcuate fasciculus

Question 22

what association fibers connect temporal and occipital

Answer 22

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 23

what association fibers connect anterior frontal and temporal

Answer 23

uncinate fasciculus

Question 24

name the two commissural fibers from superior to inferior and state their function

Answer 24

Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
connect homolougs structures in the left and right hemispheres

Question 25

what do projection fibers deeper to the cortex radiate as

Answer 25

corona radiata

Question 26

what do projection fibers converge through?

Answer 26

internal capsule, between the thalamus and basal ganglia

Question 27

list the features of primary cortices

Answer 27

their function is predictable organized topographically symmetry between the left and right

Question 28

Describe secondary/ association fibers

Answer 28

the function is less predictable not organized topographically left right symmetry is weak

Question 29

compare primary cortices and association/secondary cortices

Answer 29

The primary function is predictable secondary function less predictable Primary is organised topographically secondary not organised topographically Primary symmetry between the right and left hemispheres Second there is no symmetry between the left and right hemispheres

Question 30

what does the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe control

Answer 30

contols fine prices and discrete voluntary movments porvides descending signals to excute movments

Question 31

what is the supplementary area of the frontal lobe involved in

Answer 31

Involved in planning complex movements, e.g internally cued

Question 32

what is the promoter area of the frontal lobe involved in

Answer 32

planning movements that are externally cued

Question 33

what is the primary somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe involved in

Answer 33

process somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body e.g: fine touch, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain, and temperature

Question 34

what is the somatosensory association area of the parietal lobe involved in

Answer 34

interpret the significance of sensory information example recognizing an object placed in hands. awareness of self and personal space

Question 35

what is the primary visual are of the occipital lobe involved in

Answer 35

process visual stimuli

Question 36

what is the visual association area involved in

Answer 36

gives meaning and interprets the visual stimilui

Question 37

what does the primary auditory cortex do

Answer 37

process auditory stimuli

Question 38

what does the auditory association area do

Answer 38

gives meaning and interprets the auditory input

Question 39

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in

Answer 39

attention adjusting social behavior planning personality expression decision making

Question 40

what is Broca's area involved in

Answer 40

production of language

Question 41

what is Wernicke's are involved in

Answer 41

understanding language

Question 42

how does a frontal lobe lesion present

Answer 42

changes in personality inappropriate behavior

Question 43

how does a parietal lesion in the right hemisphere present

Answer 43

contralateral neglect lack of self awareness on the left side lack of awareness of extrapersonal space on the left

Question 44

how does a lesion on the temporal lobe present

Answer 44

agnosia -loses ability to recognise anterograde amnesia - new memories

Question 45

how does a lesion to Wernicke's area present

Answer 45

receptive aphasia - poor comprehension of speech

Question 46

how does a lesion to Brocca's area present

Answer 46

expressive aphasia - poor production of speech

Question 47

how does a lesion to the primary visual cortex present

Answer 47

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

Question 48

how does a lesion to the visual association fibers present

Answer 48

deficits in interpreting visual information e.g prosopagnosia : inability to recognise faces -face blindness

Question 49

what does positron emission tomography scans (PET) involve

Answer 49

Highlights the blood flow to the brain

Question 50

what does functional magnetic resonance imaging involve (fMRI)

Answer 50

Amount of blood oxygen in a brain region

Question 51

what does an Electroencephalograph (EEG) measure

Answer 51

electrical signals produced by the brain.