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Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Brodmann’s Area 17

A

Primary Visual Cortex

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2
Q

Brodmann’s Area 18, 19

A

Secondary Visual Cortex

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3
Q

Brodmann’s Area 39, 40

A

Sensory association area

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4
Q

Brodmann’s Area 40

A

Primary Vestibular Area

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5
Q

Brodmann’s Area 41

A

Primary auditory cortex

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6
Q

Brodmann’s Area 22, 42

A

Secondary auditory cortex

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7
Q

Brodmann’s Area 3-2-1

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

Brodmann’s Area 5, 7

A

Secondary somatosensory cortex

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9
Q

Brodmann’s Area 4

A

Primary motor cortex (M1)

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10
Q

Brodmann’s Area 6

A

PMAs

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11
Q

Name the 4 association cortices

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal
Parietotemporal
Ventral Dorsal Prefrontal
Medial Dorsal Prefronotal

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12
Q

Role of association cortices

A

Complex behavior organization
- integration/interpretation of sensations
- processing of memory
- emotions
- personality
- executive functions

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13
Q

Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal

A

Executive function
Self-awareness (avoid socially inappropriate behavior)

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14
Q

Role of Parietotemporal Association

A

Sensory integration
Understanding language and spatial relationships

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15
Q

Role of Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal

A

Impulse control
Mood and emotion regulation
Personality
Affect

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16
Q

What is not fully developed in teens (moody behavior, impulsive)?

A

Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal

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17
Q

What do the SMA, Premotor Cortex, and Broca’s area all have in common?

A

Planning

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18
Q

Broca’s area controls what?

A

Language expression

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19
Q

Broca’s area (L hemisphere) directs what muscles?

A

Muscles involved in speech

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20
Q

The area analogous to Broca’s area controls what?

A

Planning nonverbal communication
(emotional gestures, tone of voice)

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21
Q

What hemisphere is dominant in most people with language?

A

L hemisphere

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22
Q

Wernicke’s area is responsible for what? (L hemisphere)

A

Language comprehension

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23
Q

Wernicke’s area is responsible for what? (R hemisphere)

A

Interpreting nonverbal communication signals

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24
Q

Broca’s area in the L hemisphere is responsible for what?

A

Instruction for language output
Plan movements to produce speech

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25
Broca's area in R hemisphere is responsible for what?
Instructions for producing nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, intonation of speech)
26
Order of processing auditory information
Primary auditory cortex --> Secondary auditory cortex --> Wernicke's Area --> Subcortical connections --> Broca's Area --> Oral and Throat region of sensorimotor cortex
27
What is agnosia?
Inability to recognize objects using a specific sense (even though discrimination touch is intact)
28
What is astereognosia?
Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation
29
What is visual agnosia?
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision
30
What is prosopagnosia?
Inability to visually identify people's faces Identified through voice or mannerisms
31
Where is the damage that results in prosopagnosia?
Bilateral damage to inferior visual secondary sensory area
32
What is auditory agnosia?
Inability to recognize sounds
33
If auditory agnosia impacts the L auditory cortex, what happens?
Inability to distinguish language from other sounds
34
If auditory agnosia impacts the L auditory cortex, what happens?
Inability to distinguish language from other sounds
35
If auditory agnosia impacts the R auditory cortex, what happens?
Inability to interpret environmental sounds
36
What is apraxia?
Inability to perform a movement or sequence of movements despite intact sensation, motor output, and cognition
37
What is Broca's aphasia?
Inability to speak or write
38
A stroke in what artery commonly causes Broca's aphasia?
Middle Cerebral ARtery
39
What is dysarthria?
Speech disorder due to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of muscles used for speaking
40
If there is a dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal association area, what is lost?
Loss of executive function Lack of initiative Lack of empathy
41
If there is a dysfunction in the parietotemporal association area, what happens?
Difficulty with sensory integration Unable to handle new info effectively; concrete thinking
42
Damage to L parietotemporal association areas presents with
Wernicke's aphasia
43
Damage to R parietotemporal association area presents with
Neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication
44
If there is a dysfunction in the ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal areas, what happens?
Difficulty with self-control Impulsive Impaired empathy, embarrassment, guilt, and regret Inappropriate and risky behavior
45
Aphasia
Difficulty with spoken language
46
Alexia
Difficulty with written language
47
Agraphia
Inability to write
48
Conduction aphasia
Damage to neurons that connect Wernicke's and Broca's areas
49
How can severe and mild forms of conduction aphasia present?
In severe forms = speech and writing is meaningless Mild forms = paraphrasia occurs
50
Global aphasia
Inability to use language in any form Cannot produce understandable speech, comprehend spoken language, speak fluently, read/write
51
Where is the lesion in global aphasia
Large lesion lateral L cerebrum
52
If area analogous to Broca's area is damaged, what will you see?
Monotone speech Lack of emotional facial expressions and gestures Flat affect
53
If area analogous to Wernicke's area is damaged, what will you see?
Difficulty understanding intonation Neglect of the involved side of body
54
What area discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects?
Primary somatosensory
55
What area is involved with conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds
Primary auditory
56
What area distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects
Primary visual
57
What area discriminates among head positions and head mvmts?
Primary vestibular
58
What area is involved with stereogenesis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment
Secondary somatosensory
59
What area is involved with analysis of motion, color; controls visual fixation
Secondary visual
60
What area is involved with classification of sounds
Secondary auditory

Neuro (19 decks)

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