cerebral cortex

Question 1

what are the two ways in which we microscopically organise
the cerebral cortex?

Answer 1

layers and columns

Question 2

what are layers?

Answer 2

numbers: outermost= 1

Question 3

what are columns?

Answer 3

colours

Question 4

what is cytoarchitecture?

Answer 4

based on 1) cell size 2) spacing or packing density 3) layers

Question 5

what are the lobes

Answer 5

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital,

Question 6

frontal lobe roles? 5

Answer 6

attention, memory, cognitive functions, language, motor function

Question 7

parietal lobe role specific?

Answer 7

1) sensory aspects of language
2) sensation
3) spatial orientation and self- perception

Question 8

temporal lobe roles?

Answer 8

auditory, memory, EMOTIONS

Question 9

where is the limbic lobe?

Answer 9

not a specific location

Question 10

what structures does the limbic lobe include?

Answer 10

amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, MAMILLARY body

Question 11

what is the green highlighted thing on slide 11 (like an arch surrounding midbrain)

Answer 11

cingulate gyrus
(nottt limbic lobe although that’s the name of the slide)

Question 12

where is the insular cortex?

Answer 12

deep within lateral fissure (think of: insulation: mesa mesa ehe monosi)

Question 13

role of insular cortex

Answer 13

1) visceral sensations and interoception
2) autonomic control (heart I think ect)
3) visual- vestibular integration

Question 14

Differences between fissure and sulcus

Answer 14

1) fissure is larger
2) if you open fissure there’s smith else inside - sulcus is surface

Question 15

what does grey matter consist of?

Answer 15

glial cells and cell bodies

Question 16

what does white matter consist of?

Answer 16

myelinated neuronal axons

Question 17

is white or grey matter outermost in brain + spinal cord?

Answer 17

brain: grey, spinal cord: white

Question 18

what are the bundles of nerve axons called in white matter?

Answer 18

tracts

Question 19

what is the plane of the section slicing from front of the eyes back? (3 synonyms)

Answer 19

axial, horizontal, transverse

Question 20

what do white matter tracts do?

Answer 20

connect cortical AREAS

Question 21

what are the general categories of white matter tracts?

Answer 21

1) association fibres, 2) commissural fibres 3) projection fibres

Question 22

role of association fibres?

Answer 22

connect AREAS within a hemisphere

Question 23

role of commissural fibres?

Answer 23

connect homologous structures between the two hemispheres

Question 24

role of projection fibres?

Answer 24

connect cortex to lower brain structures (ex hypothalamus, spinal cord, brain stem)

Question 25

2 examples of commissural fibres?

Answer 25

corpus callosum, anterior commissure

Question 26

2 categories of association fibres

Answer 26

short and long

Question 27

Dif between short and long association fibres

Answer 27

short: within same lobe long: between lobes (remember tho: association fibres: within same hemisphere)

Question 28

the 4 LONG association fibre tracts

Answer 28

superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus , inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus

Question 29

what does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

Answer 29

frontal and occipital lobes

Question 30

what does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

Answer 30

frontal and temporal lobes

Question 31

what does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

Answer 31

temporal and occipital lobes

Question 32

what does the uncinate fasciculus connect

Answer 32

anterior frontal and temporal lobes (remember the weird name is the weird connection with the orange on slide 16 that looked like short)

Question 33

predictability of function of primary vs secondary (association) cortices

Answer 33

primary more predictable

Question 34

organisation of primary vs secondary (association) cortices

Answer 34

topographical in primary vs not topographical in secondary

Question 35

left- right hemisphere symmetry of primary vs secondary (association) cortices

Answer 35

primary: symmetrical, secondary: weaker symmetry

Question 36

function of primary motor cortex

Answer 36

controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements.

Question 37

which lobe is the motor cortex in?

Answer 37

frontal lobe

Question 38

what kind of signals does primary motor cortex give and through what tract?

Answer 38

descending through corticospinal tract

Question 39

role of supplementary motor cortex

Answer 39

planning complex movements internally cued (like seeing an object and reaching for it)

Question 40

function of premotor area

Answer 40

involved in planning externally cued movements (responding to something that you’ve heard or seen) remember: pre: before you go in; out!!

Question 41

in which lobe are the somatosensory cortices?

Answer 41

parietal

Question 42

primary somatosensory role

Answer 42

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature. (senses of what ur touching)

Question 43

somatosensory association function

Answer 43

INTERPRETING significance of sensory info: recognising an object at hand awareness of self and personal space

Question 44

primary visual cortex role

Answer 44

process visual stimuli

Question 45

visual association centre role

Answer 45

interpret visual stimuli and gives meaning

Question 46

what lobe is the auditory cortices in?

Answer 46

temporal lobe

Question 47

primary auditory role

Answer 47

process auditory stimuli

Question 48

auditory association role

Answer 48

gives meaning and interpret

Question 49

brocas area what is it and role

Answer 49

an other association area production of language: expressing yourself

Question 50

wernicke's area what is it and role

Answer 50

another association centre understanding of language

Question 51

prefrontal cortex role (PPAAD)

Answer 51

(think of them as a story/ linked terms:) attention-> planning- > decision making-> personality expression-> adjusting osial behaviour

Question 52

what may happen after lesion in right hemisphere in parietal lobe? what is the phenomenon called?

Answer 52

contralateral neglect, lack of awareness of self and extrapersonal space on left side

Question 53

temporal lobe lesions consequences and term used

Answer 53

inability to recognise, agnosia

Question 54

what happened to HM after removal of anterior medial temporal lobe and what's the term?

Answer 54

can't men new memories, anterograde amnesia. ( new: ananeosi: anterograde)

Question 55

is it lesion on brocas or wernickes area when someone wants to say 2 books on the table they say book book table?

Answer 55

brocas

Question 56

is it lesion on brocas or wernickes area when someone speaks but says random words?

Answer 56

wenicke's (bc they don't understand but can produce speech)

Question 57

what does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

Answer 57

brocas to wernickes area

Question 58

lesion in which cortex leads to prosopagnosia (face blindness)?

Answer 58

visual association

Question 59

PET scans provide images based on what?

Answer 59

blood flow directly to a brain region

Question 60

fMRIs provide images based on what?

Answer 60

amount of OXYGEN in blood in a brain region

Question 61

what does electroencephalography measure? (eeg)

Answer 61

Measures electrical signals produces by the brain

Question 62

what do EEG and MEG stand for

Answer 62

electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography

Question 63

what does Magnetoencephalography – (MEG) measure?

Answer 63

Measures magnetic signals produces by the brain

Question 64

what kind of signals are electrical and magnetic signals?

Answer 64

event related/ evoked potentials (see signals in responce to perceiving an event)

Question 65

what is DTI

Answer 65

diffusion tensor imaging

Question 66

how does DTI work

Answer 66

based on diffusion of water molecules