Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

Vesalius

Answer 1

Stole beheaded heads and studied them
Father of anatomy
1543
First guy who ever decided to dissect stuff and actually look at what is happening

Question 2

How much of the human brain (percent) is comprised of C.C?

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

Is cerebral cortex axons or cell bodies?

Answer 3

Cell bodies

Question 4

Thickness of cortex

Answer 4

2-4 mm

Question 5

Organization of C.C between mamals

Answer 5

Preserved and same

Question 6

Difference between human C.C versus animal C.C

Answer 6

Human CC is much larger and expanded and taken over more functions and space

Question 7

Gyri

Answer 7

Folds in cortex

Question 8

Sulci(fissures)

Answer 8

Grooves between folds

Question 9

Does CC show variability in it’s structure?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

3 prominent sulcuses from top of brain

Answer 10

Pre-central sulcus
Central sulcus
Post-central sulcus

Question 11

Lateral sulcus

Answer 11

Divides frontal lobe and a bit of the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

Question 12

Central sulcus

Answer 12

Divides frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Question 13

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 13

Separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Question 14

Mid sagittal cut of brain exposes which part of cortex…

Answer 14

Limbic lobe

Question 15

What bounds the limbic lobe?

Answer 15

Cingulate sulcus

Question 16

Corpus collosum

Answer 16

Connects 2 cerebral hemispheres
Huge sheet of axons connecting 2 sides of brain

Question 16

Korbinian Brodmann 1909

Answer 16

52 numbered areas of brain

Question 17

Area 17 Brodmann

Answer 17

Primary visual cortex

Question 17

Where is area 17?

Answer 17

Back of brain

Question 18

Area 18

Answer 18

V2

Question 19

Area 4

Answer 19

Primary motor cortex

Question 20

Nissl stain

Answer 20

Stains ribosomes which are where cell bodies are so stains cell bodies

Question 21

Weigert stain

Answer 21

Myelinated axons

Question 22

Golgi Stain

Answer 22

1)Stains entire neuron
Cell body, neuron and dendrites
2)Only stains small fraction of neurons (seems random)
very useful

Question 23

Layer 1

Answer 23

Molecular layer Not many cell bodies, mostly dendrites and synapses

Question 24

Layer 2

Answer 24

External granule layer Granule cells (little cells)

Question 25

Layer 3

Answer 25

External Pyramidal layer Pyramidal cells (main cells found in cerebral cortex) Cell body is shaped like a pyramid Small cells

Question 26

Layer 4

Answer 26

Internal granule layer

Question 27

Layer 5

Answer 27

Internal pyramidal layer BIG PYRAMIDAL CELLS Biggest neurons found in brain are in Layer 5

Question 28

Layer 6

Answer 28

Multiform layer Transitions to white matter

Question 29

Layer 4 function

Answer 29

Main recipient of afferent inputs from thalamus

Question 30

Pyramidal neurons in layer 2 and 3

Answer 30

Feedforward projections to other regions of cortex

Question 31

Large pyramidal neurons in layer V

Answer 31

Project to the basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord Driver neurons

Question 32

Layer VI function

Answer 32

Feedback projections to the thalamus (bursting and tonic mode) Modulator neurons

Question 33

Does the thickness of cortex layers vary in diff cortex regions?

Answer 33

YES

Question 34

Primary Sensory regions of CC layers tend to look like...

Answer 34

Large layer 4 and smaller layers 3 and 5

Question 35

Primary Motor regions of CC layers tend to look like...

Answer 35

Very little layer 4 and very alrge pyramidal layers like layer 3

Question 36

What is a cortical column?

Answer 36

The fundamental functional module of the cortex The neurons in a column are highly interconnected and show similar response properties Cortex is organized into vertical columns, 100-500 micrometers in diameter

Question 37

Cortex stuff on the picture

Answer 37

Look at pic

Question 38

Posterior to central sulcus where postcentral gyrus is is where...

Answer 38

Primary somatic sensory cortex Somatotopic organization

Question 39

Where do neurons from SI project?

Answer 39

Somatic sensory association cortex

Question 40

Somatic sensory association cortex

Answer 40

Parts: Area 5 SII

Question 41

Feedforward projections from VI(SI) to V2(S2)

Answer 41

Originate in superficial layers (2,3) and project to layer IV

Question 42

Feedback projections

Answer 42

Originate in deep layers (5,6) and avoid layer 4 and go to layers (2,3) or (5,6)

Question 43

Projection of neurons within A COLUMN

Answer 43

Neurons in layer 4 project to layer 2 and 3 Layers 2 and 3 in turn project to layers 5 and 6 and to other cortical areas

Question 44

Difference between communication/connection of regions vs columns

Question 45

Central sulcus, followed by postcentral gyrus followed by postcentral sulcus

Question 46

Receptive fields in somatic sensory ASSOCIATION cortex...

Answer 46

Are larger than in primary somatic sensory cortex bc brain wants to get the big picture

Question 47

Where pathway

Answer 47

Dorsal, from V1 Sensory information to be used to direct action

Question 48

What pathway

Answer 48

Ventral, from V1 Object recognition and memory

Question 49

Main interaction of Pulvinar - Back of thalamus

Answer 49

Posterior Multimodal association cortex

Question 50

Main interaction of Medial Dorsal Nucleus

Answer 50

Frontal Association cortex