Flashcards in Cerebrovascular Disease Deck (24):
1
What is a stroke ?
Acute focal neurological deficit lasting longer than 24 hours or causing sudden death with no apparent cause other than a vascular one
Incomplete recovery: ischaemia and infarction
2
Give an example of when a stroke occurs
Hemiparesis flowing a middle cerebral artery thromboembolus
3
Describe the symptoms of a stroke
FAST:
Facial drooping,arm weakness, slurred speech and Time greater than 24 hours
4
State 2 other features of a stroke
1. Blurred or loss of vision
2. Hemiparesis
5
What is a TIA ?
Acute focal neurological deficit lasting less than 24 hours usually mins-hours. There is complete recovery: ischaemia without infarction
6
What is amaurosis fugax?
Sudden loss of transient vision I'm in one eye
7
What does an amaurosis fugax often occur with and what can the be the evidence of ?
Amaurosis often occurs with a TIA and can be evidence of an internal carotid artery stenosis
8
What do patient describe amaurosis fugax as ?
Curtain coming down
9
What is a AF and describe how it can give rise to a stroke ?
AF is an irregular rhythm abnormality, which causes stasis of blood in the atria. This leads to the formation of a thromboembolus in the heart, which can dislodge and travel to the brain to cause a stroke
10
State the 4 non-modifiable risk factors for development of a ischaemic stroke 😭
1. Increasing age
2. Being male
3. FH/PH
4. Coagulation disorders: SHAT: SLE, hyper-viscosity, amyloidosis and thrombophilia/penia
11
State the 7 modifiable risk factors for development of a ischaemic stroke
Hypertension, DM, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity, smoking, alcohol and drugs, e.g OCP
12
State the 5 Embolic risk factors for development of a stroke
1. AF, 2. MI, 3. IE, 4. Carotid artery stenosis and 5. Sleep apnoea
13
State the 3 features of menigism
Headache, neck stiffness and photophobia
14
State 2 signs of menigism
positive kernig's and brudinski's sign
15
Describe a positive kernig's sign
Pain on extension of the leg of a previously flexed knee or inability to extend the knee, when hip is flexed
16
Describe the brudinski's sign
😭
Involuntary lifting of the legs when Patient lifts up their head
17
State 3 main symptoms of a SAH
1. Sudden onset of a thunderclap headache at the back of the head (occipital)
2. Vomiting w/wout nausea
3. Collapse, coma and seizures may follow; with drowsiness and coma lasting for a few days
18
State 4 signs of a SAH 😭
1. Menigism, 2.Positive kernig's sign, 3.tersons syndrome and 4. Focal neurological deficits may occur depending on site of aneurysm
19
What is terson's syndrome ?
Retinal and subhyaloid vitreous bleeds
20
An aneurysm int the posterior circulation may lead to what ? 😭
NADs
Nystagmus, ataxia and dizziness
21
An aneurysm in the posterior communicating artery may lead to what ?
3rd cranial nerve palsy: DEP
Diplopia, enlarged pupils and ptosis
22
State the 2 vascular abnormalities that predispose to a SAH
AVM and berry aneurysm
23
State 4 complications of a SAH
1. Re-bleeding:sudden death, 2.Cerebral ischaemia
3.Hydrocephalus and 4.Hyponatraemia
24