CEREBRUM Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Cerebrum
A
largest part of the brain
occupies the anterior and middle cranial fossa
divided into
>diencephalon: central core
>telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres
2
Q
Other term for brain and contents
A
encephalon
gyri, sulci
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
3
Q
Weight of brain in children
A
350 g
4
Q
Weight of brain in adults
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1400 g
5
Q
Meninges
A
three layered connective tissue that covers the brain
6
Q
CSF
A
surrounds the brain and protects it from trauma
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Q
Frontal Lobe
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extends from (anterior) central sulcus/ fissure of Rolando until the frontal pole and superior to the lateral sulcus
3 sulci and 4 gyri
8
Q
3 sulci of the frontal lobe
A
precentral sulcus: parallel to the precentral gyrus
superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus: anterior to precentral sulcus
9
Q
4 gyri of the frontal lobe
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precentral gyrus (BA 4): primary motor cortex found in between the central sulcus and precentral sulcus
superior frontal gyrus: superior to superior frontal sulcus
middle frontal gyrus: in between the superior and inferior frontal sulcus
inferior frontal gyrus: inferior to inferior frontal sulcus; invaded by the anterior ramus and ascending ramus
10
Q
Extra kinemerlu of frontal lobe
A
gyrus rectus and orbital gyri
anterior paracentral lobule: continuation of precentral gyrus
11
Q
Parietal Lobe
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posterior to the central sulcus superior to the lateral sulcus and runs until the parietooccipital sulcus
12
Q
2 Sulci of the Parietal Lobe
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postcentral sulcus: parallel to central sulcus
intraparietal sulcus: posteriorly from the middle of the paracentral sulcus
13
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3 Gyri of the Parietal Lobe
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post central gyrus (BA 3,1,2): between central sulcus and post central sulcus
superior parietal lobule (BA 5,7): superior to intraparietal sulcus
inferior parietal lobule: inferior to intraparietal sulcus
>angular gyrus
>supramarginal gyrus
14
Q
Extra kinemerlu of Parietal Lobe
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precuneus
posterior paracentral lobule: continuation of post central gyrus
15
Q
Temporal Lobe
A
expands from temporal pole to the line separating temporal lobe and occipital lobe
auditory
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2 Sulci of the Temporal Lobe
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superior temporal sulcus and middle temporal sulcus: parallel to post ramus of lateral sulcus; divides the 3 gyri
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3 Gyri of the Temporal Lobe
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superior temporal gyrus
middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal gyrus
18
Q
Extra kinemerlu of the Temporal Lobe
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transverse temporal gyri of heschl
lateral occipitotemporal gyrus
19
Q
Occipital Lobe
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runs posterior to line connecting the parietooccipital sulcus and occipital pole
smallest
related to vision
20
Q
2 Structures of Occipital Lobe
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cuneus
lingual gyrus (medial occipitotemporal gyrus)
21
Q
Insular Lobe
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deep into the lateral sulcus
a part of the temporal lobe
related to memory and emotion
long and short gyri
Island of Reil
22
Q
Association Fibers
A
connect lobes in one hemisphere
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Q
Commissure
A
connecting hemispheres
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Q
Internal Capsule
A
highway of information from one area of the body to the primary centers
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Limbic Lobe
C shaped structure of the medial hemisphere
encircles the corpus callosum going to the lateral aspect of the midbrain
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Corpus Callosum
largest commissure of the brain
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Limbic Lobe Structures
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampal gyrus
papez circuit
paraterminal gyrus and subcallosal area
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Cingulate Gyrus
biggest portion
runs anterior, superior, and posterior to corpus callosum
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Callosal Sulcus
separates corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus
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Cingulate Sulcus
separates cingulate gyrus from superior frontal gyrus
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Parahippocampal gyrus
in between collateral sulcus and calcarine sulcus
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Hippocampal Gyrus
storing memory
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Papez Circuit
memory and emotion; explains why we get hungry
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Basal Ganglia
gray matter
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
amygdaloid nuclear complex
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Caudate Nucleus
C shaped lat to the thalamus and related to lateral ventricle
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Internal Capsule
separates the caudate nucleus with the lentiform nucleus
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Lentiform nucleus
putamen (lateral): common site of hemorrhage
globus pallidus (medial)
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Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex
situated close to temporal lobe near uncus
part of limbic system
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Corpus Striatum
lentiform and caudate nucleus
receives afferent signals from cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem
responsible for movement by controlling cerebral cortex
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Lateral Ventricle
ependyma-lined contains CSF and choroid plexus
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Foramen of Monro
allows communication of third ventricle with the lateral ventricle
bounded anteriorly by anterior column of fornix and posteriorly by anterior end of thalamus
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Septa Pellucida
separates right and left lateral ventricles
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Divisions of the lateral ventricle
body horn: temporal lobe
anterior horn: frontal lobe
posterior horn: occipital lobe
inferior horn: temporal lobe
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White Matter
Commissures
> corpus callosum
> anterior commissure
> posterior commissure
> hippocampal commissure
Internal Capsule
>anterior limb
>posterior limb
>genu (body)
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Diencephalon
posteriorly contains the third ventricle (continuous with cerebral aqueduct) until interventricular foramina anteriorly
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4 Major Parts of the Diencephalon
thalamus: largest
subthalamus: smallest
epithalamus
hypothalamus
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Lamina Terminalis
gray matter that forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle
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Tela Choroidea
two layered pia mater superior to the superior wall
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Choroid Plexus
invagination of the ependymal roof as the tela choroidea projects downward from the midline
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Inferior Surface of the Diencephalon
only visible part with perforated substances
anterior to posterior
optic chiasma
optic tract
infundibulum
tuber cinereum
mamillary bodies
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Superior Wall of the Diencephalon
covered by the fornix/ hippocampal commissure runs posteriorly to the thalamus to join the mamillary body
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Actual superior wall of the diencephalon
roof of the third ventricle
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Lateral surface of diencephalon
internal capsule: connects the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brainstem and the sc
outer portion
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Medial Surface of the diencephalon
superior: medial surface of the thalamus
hypothalamic sulcus: separates the thalamus and hypothalamus
inferior: hypothalamus
habenular nuclei and stria medullaris thalami
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Habenular Nuclei
receives afferent fibers from the amygdala and hippocampus; but before it reaches this it goes thru the stria medullaris thalami
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Thalamus
anterior: posterior boundary of interventricular posterior
inferior: pulvinar (superior colliculus and brachium of superior colliculus)
lateral part: choroid plexus
lateral surface: internal capsule (separates from lentiform nucleus)
medial: interthalamic adhesions
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Lateral Geniculate Body
visual pathway
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Medial Geniculate Body
auditory pathway
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Metathalamus
lateral geniculate body
medial geniculate body
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Subthalamus
red nuclei
substantia nigra
subthalamic nuclei
zona incerta and fields of forel
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Subthalamic nuclei
together with the corpus striatum (lentiform and caudate nucleus) aids in control of muscle activity
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Habenular Nucleus
small group of nucleus
afferent fibers received from amygdaloid nucleus (temporal lobe) through the stria medullaris thalami; others pass through hippocampal formation through fornix
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Hippocampal Commissure
formed from the afferent fibers from the stria medullaris thalami crossing the midline and reaching the opposite habenular nuclei
decussation
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Fornix or Hippocampal Commissure
connects the hippocampal nuclei
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Projection fiber of the habenular nucleus
internal capsule
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Pathway of Axons from the Habenular Nucleus
interpeduncular nucleus
tectum of the midbrain
reticular formation of the midbrain
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Function of Habenular Nucleus
center of integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways
influences how brain responds to anxiety, pain, stress, and sleep
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Function of the Amygdaloid Nucleus
memory and behavior
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Pineal Body Location
connected to the diencephalon via pineal stalk (base is continuous with the third ventricle)
posterior to the midbrain
superior part: habenular commissure
inferior part: posterior commissure
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Types of Cells in the Pineal Body
pinealocytes: pineal secretions
glial cells
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Function of Pineal Body
no nerve fibers; adrenergic sympathetic fibers run in association with the CSF and blood
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Influence of Pineal Body on Endocrine Organs
pituitary gland
adrenal cortex and medulla
gonads
parathyroids
islets of langerhans
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Endocrine functions of the Pineal Body
inhibitory
circardian rhythm (sleep wake cycle)
high concentration of melatonin
regulation of reproductive function
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Nerve Pathway to reach Pineal Body
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
tegmentum of midbrain
pineal body
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Release of Melatonin
when melatonin is released in the blood or CSF of the third ventricle it passes the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland inhibiting GnRH hormone
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Location of Hypothalamus
anterior: optic chiasma, lamina terminalis, anterior commissure (pre optic area)
caudally: merges with midbrain
superior: thalamus
inferolateral: subthalamic region
situated close to the limbic system, thalamus, ascending and descending tracts, and hypophysis
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Pre optic area
optic chiasm
lamina terminalis
anterior commissure
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Anterior to Posterior structures of the Hypothalamus
optic chiasma
tuber cinereum and infundibulum
mamillary body
posterior perforated substance: blood passes through for midbrain
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Hypophysis
secretion of endocrine glands
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Function of the Hypothalamus
autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
maintaining homeostasis
regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat/ drink, sexual behavior and emotion
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Location of Optic Chiasma
superior: lamina terminalis
inferior: hypophysis separated by diaphgrama sellae
anterolateral: optic nerve
posterolateral: optic tract
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Fibers going to the Optic Chiasma
nasal: medially (decussates)
temporal: laterally (ipsilateral)
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Optic Chiasma
flattened bundle of nerve fibers
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Tuber Cinereum
inferiorly continuous with infundibulum and posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary lobe)
medial eminence is attached to the infundibulum
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Pars Nervosa
medial eminence of tuber cinereum
infundibulum
posterior lobe
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Neurohypophysis
hypophysis cerebri
pars nervosa
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Mamillary Bodies
two side by side small hemispherical bodies
posterior to tuber cinereum
invested by a capsule of myelinated nerve fibers
posterior to it is the posterior perforated substances: supplies the midbrain and some diencephalic structures
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Third ventricle communication
anterior: communicates with third ventricle via foramen of monro
posterior: communicates with fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
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Walls of the Third Ventricle
anterior wall: anterior commissure (anterior columns of fornix/ hippocampal commissure) and lamina terminalis
posterior wall: cerebral aqueduct (superior: posterior commissure; superior: pineal recess; superior: habenular commissure)
lateral wall: superiorly: thalamus; inferiorly: hypothalamus
superior wall: ependymal layer (superior: tela choroidea)
roof: corpus callosum and fornix
inferior wall: optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, mamillary bodies (posterior: tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles)
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Tela Choroidea
invaginates ependymal roof to form choroid plexus and inside are internal cerebral veins
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Longitudinal Fissure
separates the cerebral hemispheres into 2
contains falx cerebri and anterior cerebral arteries
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Corpus Callosum
largest commissure that separates the hemisphere across the midline
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Tentorium Cerebri
horizontal fold of dura mater
separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
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Central Sulcus
anterior: motor cells initiating movements of opposite side of the body
posterior: great sensory cortex receiving information from the opposite side of the body
separates the frontal and parietal lobes
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Lateral Sulcus
deep cleft on the inferior and lateral surfaces
short stem with three rami
anterior horizontal ramus
anterior ascending ramus
posterior ramus
lies deep
separates the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
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Parieto-occipital Sulcus
superior margin of the hemisphere 2 inches anterior to occipital lobe
separates parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe
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Calcarine Sulcus
medial surface of the hemisphere
joined at an acute angle by the parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the occipital lobes
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Thalamic Lesions
thrombosis or hemorrhage
confined to the contralateral side of the body
impairment in light touch, tactile localization and discrimination, and loss of appreciation of joints
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Subthalamic Lesions
sudden forceful involuntary movements in a contralateral extremity
jerky (choreiform) or violent (ballistic)
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Pineal Gland Clinical Notes
calcareous concentrations that accumulate within the glial cells and connective tissues with age
severe alteration of reproductive function
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Hypothalamic Lesions
tumors: craniopharyngioma, chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary and pineal tumors
abnormalities: genital hypoplasia, atrophy, diabetes insipidus, obesity, disturbances of sleep, irregular pyrexia, emaciation
adiposogenital dystrophy syndrome
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Focal Lesions of the Precentral Gyrus
contralateral hemiparesis
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Focal lesions of post central gyrus
contralateral hemisensory loss
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Widespread lesions of the frontal lobe
loss of attention span/ change in social behavior
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Dementia
widespread degeneration of the cerebral cortex
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Hydrocephalus
blockage of the foramen by a cerebral tumor
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Calcification of Choroid Plexus
largest where the body and posterior and inferior horns join and calcified with age
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Tumors on anterior two thirds of posterior limb of basal ganglia
severe motor or sensory symptoms on opposite side of the body
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Posteriorly situated tumors of the basal ganglia
impairment of sensation on the opposite side
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Corpus Callosum Importance
learned discrimination, sensory experience, and memory
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Failure of corpus callosum to develop
no definite signs or symptoms
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Corpus callosum destroyed by disease
each hemisphere becomes isolated
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Internal Capsular Disorders
vascular= atheromatous degeneration of an artery
high BP
small hemorrhage= widespread effects on contralateral side of the body
immediate neural tissue destroyed by blood later clots and neighboring nerve fibers are compressed
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Alzheimer Disease
early memory loss, disintegration of personality, complete disorientation, deterioration of speech, restlessness
late stages: bedridden
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Early sites affected in Alzheimer's disease
hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, associated areas of cerebral cortex
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Senile Plaques
found in Alzheimer's disease, accumulation of several proteins of beta amyloid causing neurofibrillary tangles
