CESTODES

Question 1

Taeniasis

Answer 1

Adult form of T. saginata and T. Solium (definitive host)

Question 2

Treatment against Taeniasis

Answer 2

Praziquantel
Niclosamide
no combination. Just one at a time

Question 3

Cestodes general characteristics

Answer 3

flat worms (dorso ventrally flattened)
endoparasites
hermaphroditic on each proglottid
segmented bodies (proglottids are broader than long)
Need intermediate host except H. Nana
no alimetary cnal (absorb nutrients thru skin)
Nutrient needed - lipids for reproduction

Question 4

The two orders of cestodes

Answer 4

cyclophilidae

Pseudophilidae

Question 5

Order cyclophilidae (xtix)

Answer 5

scolex with suckers (with or without hooks)
lateral genital pores
No uterine pores
Parasites of birds and mammals

Question 6

5 genuses of cyclophilidae

Answer 6

Taenia spp - T. saginata, solium (cow, pig)
Hemenolypsis - H. nana, H. dimunita
Dypilidium - D. caninum
Echinococcus - E. granulossus (dog)
Multiceps - multiceps multiceps

Question 7

Pseudophillidae (xtix)

Answer 7

Adults: scolex with sucking groove or bothria (no hooklets)
lateral or median genital pore
uterine pores
operculated eggs (special adaptation that enable their adaption in water)
ciliated eggs K.A coracidium

Question 8

Pseudophilidae genuses

Answer 8

diphyllobothrium spp - d. latum (fish tapeworm)

spirometra - s. mansonii, s. proliferum

Question 9

How to differentiate T. solium and Saginata using uterine branches

Answer 9

By injecting lactophenol followed by Indian Ink thru the genital pores and counting the uterine branches.

more than 13 - saginata
less - solium

Question 10

Morphology of larvae of Taenia

Answer 10

It is k.a cysticercus

Fully formed head with the rest of the tissues not developed

Question 11

Forms into which cysticercus can develop into (4)

Answer 11

Hydatid cyst
coenurus
cysticercoids
strobilocercus

Question 12

Describe the morphology of cestode eggs

Answer 12

Pseudophilidae: partially embryonated
Cyclophilidae: fully embryonated

Are hatched from oncosphere (hexacanth)
has 3 pairs of hooklets

Question 13

What infections does taenia spp spread

Answer 13

Taeniasis (t. solium n t. saginata) - caused by adult

Cysticercosis (t. solium) - caused by the larval stage

Question 14

Identify the smallest cestode

Answer 14

Echinococcus (has 3 segments only)

Question 15

What kind of host is man in echinococus granulosus?

Answer 15

accidental host

Question 16

The more serious taenia in causing infection is:

Answer 16

T. solium (egg infects man directly)

2 routes of infection in taeniasis and cysticercosis

Question 17

In Taenia, humans are which kind of hosts?

Answer 17

Both definitive (adult form) and intermediate (larva stage)

Question 18

identify the germinative part of taenia

Answer 18

neck

Question 19

What species of taenia are available and which ones have medical importance?

Answer 19

T. saginata and T. solium (medical importance)

Others: Taenia asciata and taenia multiceps

Question 20

Differentiuate between T.solium and T. Saginata

Answer 20

The drumlike head with four suckers identifies taenia spp
solium is: shorter, has hooklets, less than 13 uterine branches
Saginata is: longer without hooklets. The uterine branches are more.

Question 21

Identify the intermediate hosts in Taenia spp

Answer 21

Pig - T. solium
Cattle - T. saginata
Man

Question 22

Mode of transmission of taeniasis

Answer 22

Eating undercooked meat or pork

Question 23

Mode of transmission of cysticercosis

Answer 23

1. External infection: ingesting eggs from contaminated food, water
2. Internal infection: autoinfection by
   (i) contaminating your own food/drink and ingesting the eggs thru it
   (ii) proglottids carried to stomach thru reverse peristalsis

Question 24

differences in life cycle between taeniasis and cysticercosis

Answer 24

in Taeniasis, the intermediate host is either the pig or cattle but in cysticercosis the intermediate host is the man instead of the pig.

Question 25

Describe T. solium lifecycle (Cysticercosis)

Answer 25

1. man ingest raw or undercooked pork with cysticerci 2. cysts evaginate, attach to the small intestine by their scolex, and mature into adult worms 3. Adult tapeworms produce proglottids, which become gravid; they detach from the tapeworm and migrate to the anus. 4. Detached proglottids, eggs, or both are passed from man in feces. 5. Pigs or humans become infected by ingesting embryonated eggs or gravid proglottids (eg, in fecally contaminated food). Autoinfection may occur in humans if proglottids pass from the intestine to the stomach via reverse peristalsis. 6. After eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestine and release oncospheres, which penetrate the intestinal wall. 7. Oncospheres travel through the bloodstream to striated muscles and to the brain, liver, and other organs, where they develop into cysticerci. Cysticercosis can result.

Question 26

clinical presentation of taeniasis

Answer 26

``` mild abdominal symptoms passage of proglottids per anum intestinal perforation - peritonitis aspiration of vomited proglottids - reverse peristalsis appendicitis cholangitis ```

Question 27

diagnosing taeniasis

Answer 27

``` Stool microspcopy (eggs) antibody detection (take blood sample) ```

Question 28

Cysticercosis clinical presentation

Answer 28

asymptomatic subcutaneous nodules neurocysticercosis - seizures, mental disturbances, focal neurologic deficits, signs of space-occupying intracerebral lesiuons/intracranial hypertension (intracranial herniation) extra cerebral cysticercosis: symptoms from ocular, spinal or cardiac lesions.

Question 29

Diagnosing cysticercosis

Answer 29

Muscle biopsy imaging antibody infection

Question 30

Treatment of cysticercosis

Answer 30

Antihelminthics (albendazole, praziquantel) 4 symptomatic pts with live cysts. NB dont use for intraventricular cysts as you risk precipitating hydrocephalus. Corticosteroids in neurocysticercoids eg dexamethasone surgery anticonvulsants

Question 31

Genus echonococcus members

Answer 31

E. Granulosus - hydatid dx, cystic echinoccosis E. Multicularis - alveolar hydatid dx E. Vogeli - polycystic hydatid dx

Question 32

Types of cysts in E. granulosus

Answer 32

Primary cyst secondary cyst acephalocyst endogenous daughter cyst

Question 33

E. granulosus larval form is

Answer 33

hydatid cyst

Question 34

Morphology of the E. granulosus hydatid cyst

Answer 34

uniocular subspherical shape 3 layers - (pericyst, ectocyst, endocyst

Question 35

why the hydatid cyst endocyst layer is vital

Answer 35

secretes hydatid fluid gives rise to brood capsules with scolices (hydatid sand formed when brood capsules and protoscolisces break off and become deposited at the bottom as granular deposits)

Question 36

infective stage of e. granulosus

Answer 36

egg (passed in dog faeces) and infect herbivores animals

Question 37

What is casoni test used to diagnose

Answer 37

Hydatid dx. (e. granulosus)

Question 38

which parasite is k.a the fish tapeworm

Answer 38

Diphylobothrium latum