PROTOZOA

Question 1

drugs used to treat visceral leishmaniasis

Answer 1

sodium stibogluconeate
amphotericin B
Aminosinidine

oral Miltefosine can be used too

Question 2

morphological forms of visceral leishmaniasis

Answer 2

Amastigotes

Promastigotes

Question 3

Describe the distribution of visceral Leishmaniasis

Answer 3

L. donovani - east africa, sudan
L. donovani donovani - india
L. donovani infantum - mediterrenean region
L. d. chagasi - south and central america

Question 4

Vector for visceral leishmaniasis

Answer 4

phlebotomous fly

Question 5

a complication of visceral leishmaniasis is called

Answer 5

Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis

Question 6

Main vector in PKDL

Answer 6

L. donovani

Question 7

Main cause of PKDL

Answer 7

RE=eversal of parasite from visceral tropic site to dermal tropic site

Question 8

How does the presentation of PKDL differ in Sudan and India?

Answer 8

India: macular form and atypical distribution
Sudan: Maculopappilar and typical spread

Question 9

best drug for treating PKDL in iummunocompromised pts

Answer 9

Amphotericin B

Question 10

Classifying cutaneous Leishmaniasis is based on the new and old world. Identify the members of each

Answer 10

Old world
Leishmania major
L. tropica
L. ethiopioca

New world
L. mexicana complex
L. brazilliensis complex

Question 11

identify members of the L. mexicana complex

Answer 11

L. mexicana mexicana
L. mexicana amazonensiis
L. mexicana venezuelensis

Question 12

Mmembers of the L. braziliensis complex

Answer 12

L. brazilliensis brazilliensis
L. brazilliensis peruviana
L. B guyanensis
L. B panamaensis

Question 13

clinical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Answer 13

1. Leishmanioma, papules: crusts (skin ulcers with raised edges)
   L. major (multiple, wet) and L. tropica (single, dry)
2. secondary bacterial infection (self limiting)
   Major - 1-2 yrs, Tropica - 0.5 -1 year
3. Life-long immunity
   Major - both major and tropica
   tropica - tropica only
   Ethiopica - No immunity, not self-limiting, manifests as nodules on the skin

Question 14

treatment for cutaneous Leishmaniaisis

Answer 14

Amphotericin B

Sodium stibogluconeate, pentamidine

Question 15

the only ciliated protozoa known is

Answer 15

balantidium coli (balantidiasis dx)

Question 16

the largest protozoan

Answer 16

balantidium coli

Question 17

The vehicle of transmission of balantidiasis is

Answer 17

water

Question 18

balantidiasis is known as a zoonotic because

Answer 18

It affects pigs (also monkeys) - pigs are accidental hosts

humans are principle hosts

Question 19

sites of infection for balantidiasis

Answer 19

Large intestine

Caecum

Question 20

The two morphological stages of balantidium coli are

Answer 20

Trophozoite (non-infective, 2 nuclei macro and micronuclei, ciliated)
cyst (infective, macronuclei, spherical)

Question 21

Drugs used to treat balantidiasis

Answer 21

tetracycline,
metronidazole
iodoquinol

Question 22

Identify the flagellated protozoa

Answer 22

Trichomonas vaginalis

Giardia Lamblia

Question 23

transmission of balantidium coli

Answer 23

Feco-oral route

Question 24

Trichomonas Vaginalis morphological forms

Answer 24

Only trophozoite stage (both infective and pathogenic)

Question 25

System affected by trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 25

Urogenital system

Question 26

Features of trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 26

``` Pear shaped 5 Flagella (4 free and 1 runs posteriorly) axystole runs down in the middle ```

Question 27

Three trichomonas species that occur in humans

Answer 27

T. vaginalis T hominis T tenax

Question 28

Drugs used to treat T. vaginalis

Answer 28

Metronidazole Nimorazole tinidazole Ornidazole

Question 29

Giardia lamblia morphological stages

Answer 29

Trophozoite (pathogenic) | Cyst (infective)

Question 30

Mode of transmission of giardia lamblia

Answer 30

Feco-oral route (contaminated food n water) | Anal sex

Question 31

Features of G. Lamblia trophozoite

Answer 31

Pear shaped 2 nuclei 2 axostyles 4 pairs of flagella

Question 32

Features of G. Lamblia cyst

Answer 32

axostyles 4 nuclei oval

Question 33

Giardia lamblia habitat

Answer 33

Jejunum | Duodenum

Question 34

duodenal string test is used to

Answer 34

Detect presence of parasites in the upper part of the small intestine

Question 35

Drugs used to treat giardia lamblia

Answer 35

``` metronidazole Tinidazole furazolidone Quinacrine paromomycin ```

Question 36

Plasmodium species that cause human infection

Answer 36

``` P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale p. malariae p. knowlesi ```

Question 37

Asexual and sexual stages of plasmodium happen in?

Answer 37

Humans. K.A schizogony - asexual | mosquito k.a sporozony - sexual

Question 38

The two stages during the asexual reproduction of plasmodium are

Answer 38

exoerythrocytic - hepatic | erythrocytic - blood

Question 39

what causes malaria relapses?

Answer 39

Some schizonts can become dormant as hypnozoites and persist in the liver. Later on, they become active and cause relapses by invading the blood stream

Question 40

the dormant stage of plasmodium occurs in

Answer 40

P. ovale | P. vivax

Question 41

Diagnostic stages of plasmodium are

Answer 41

immature trophozoite/ring stage mature trophozoites schizont gametocyte

Question 42

what is responsible for malaria symptoms in plasmodium life cycle

Answer 42

rapture of merozoites in blood.

Question 43

Life cycle of malaria

Answer 43

sporozites - liver - schizonts with merozoites - merozoites released into blood stream - infect RBCs - trophozoites (RBC) - mature into schizonts with merozoites - merozoites released - gametocytes - blood meal - sexual reproduction - zygote - ookinete - penetrate gut wall - oocyst - sporozoite - migrate to salivary glands - deposited on skin.

Question 44

Give examples of artemisin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

Answer 44

Artemisin + proguanil Artemisin + sulphur/pyrimethamine Artemisine + mefloquine Artemisine + lumefantrine (coartem) - preferred in kenya