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Cestodes Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of a hexacanth embryo also known as oncosphere

A

Eggs

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2
Q

____ the motile, first larval stage characterized by the presence of six small hooks called ______

A
  • oncosphere
  • hooklets (arranged in pairs)
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3
Q

______

• Resemble a ribbon in appearance
• Very primitive that they absorb nutrients and excrete waste products through their outer surface, called ______

A
  • Adult tapeworm
  • Tegument
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4
Q

Distinct features (3) common to all adult tapeworms:

A
  1. SCOLEX
  2. NECK REGION
  3. A SERIES of PROGLOTTIDS referred to as the STROBILA
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5
Q

Scolex contains:

A
  • Four cup shaped, known as suckers
  • Rostellum
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6
Q

provide the worm the ability to attach to the intestinal mucosa of the infected host

A

Suckers

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7
Q

a fleshy extension of the scolex, from which none, one or two rows of hooks might be present

A

Rostellum

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8
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

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9
Q

Pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

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10
Q

Is also associated with CYSTICERCOSIS

A

T. solium

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11
Q

is found worldwide

A

T. solium

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12
Q

is found primarily in cosmopolitan areas

A

T. saginata

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13
Q

Taenia spp. EGGS

It is surrounded by a _______ present on select tapeworm eggs known as ______ on which distinct radial striations reside.

A
  • yellow brown shell
  • embryophore
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14
Q

Primary difference between T.saginata and T.solium

A

T. solium contains a
fleshy rostellum and a row of double crown(hooks), T. saginata lacks
these structures.

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15
Q

*Taenia spp. PROGLOTTIDS

Taenia saginata
Average number: ____
Appearance:____
No. of uterine branches:____

A

Average number:1048
Appearance: rectangular
Size: 17.5 by 5.5 mm
No. of uterine branches: 15 to 30

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16
Q

*Taenia spp. PROGLOTTIDS

Taenia solium
Average number: ___
Appearance: ___
No. of uterine branches: ___

A

Average number: 898
Appearance: square
No. of uterine branches: 7 to 15

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17
Q

Infection follows after ingestion of raw or undercooked beef (T.saginata) or pork
(T.solium) contaminated with ___

A

cysticercus larva (intestinal taeniasis)

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18
Q

is a larva that consists of a scolex surrounded by a bladder-like, thin-walled cyst that is filled with fluid

A

Cysticercus larva

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19
Q

Two types of cysticercus larva

A
  1. Cysticercus bovis: Taenia saginata
  2. Cysticercus cellulosae: Taenia solium
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20
Q

Taenia spp life cycle

larva emerges in the ___ , where maturation into adult worm occurs.

A

small intestine

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21
Q

Taenia spp. IH

A

Cow (saginata)
Pig (solium)

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22
Q

*Cysticercosis

common manifestation

A

neurocysticercosis

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23
Q

Taenia spp. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

  • Specimen of choice:
  • Has a very high rate of recovering
    Taenia eggs:
  • Since the eggs are highly identical, recovery of ____ is a must to speciate them:
  • Immunologic tests for Cysticercosis:
A
  • STOOL
  • CELLOPHANE TAPE PREP.
  • GRAVID PROGLOTTID OR SCOLEX
  • IHA and ELISA
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24
Q

TAENIA SPP. TREATMENT

*Treatment of choice:
* Alternative treatment:
* Cysticercosis:

A
  • PRAZIQUANTEL
  • PARAMOMYCIN and QUINACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE (ATABRINE)
  • SURGICAL REMOVAL and MEDICATION
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25
contains a SUNKEN ROSTELLUM AND TWO ROW OF HOOKLETS
Taenia asiatica
26
RAT TAPEWORM
Hymenolepis diminuta
27
Distributed worldwide especially in areas in which foodstuffs such as grain or cereal are not protected from rats and insects.
Hymenolepis diminuta
28
* Average size: 55 to 85 um * The hexacanth embryo contains three pairs of hooks * A shell surrounds the embryo that exhibits distinct polar thickenings and no polar filaments. * A colorless embryophore encloses the entire structure.
Hymenolepis diminuta Eggs
29
* Equipped with four suckers * a rostellum bearing no hooks protrudes from the anterior end of the scolex
H. diminuta Scolices
30
H. diminuta infective stage to humans
cysticercoid larvae
31
* Each mature segment contains one set of female and one set of male reproductive organs. * The gravid proglottid which is twice as wide as long, consists of a saclike uterus filled with eggs that occupy most of the available space.
H. diminuta Proglottids
32
H. diminuta Treatment of choice : Alternative:
- Praziquantel - Niclosamide
33
“dwarf tapeworm”
Hymenolepis nana
34
* Considered to be the most common tapeworm recovered in the United States. * Tropical and subtropical climates harbors this parasite
Hymenolepis nana
35
* Has a shell complete with polar thickenings that protect the embryo * Numerous polar filaments originate from the polar thickenings
Hymenolepis nana Eggs
36
* Contains four suckers * Short rostellum with one row of hooks
H. nana Scolices
37
* Mature and gravid proglottids resemble those of H.diminuta both in size and appearance
H. nana Proglottids
38
H. nana Development of the cysticercoid larva occurs in the ____
intestine
39
resides in the intestine, in which it is capable of self-reproduction
H. nana adult worms
40
commonly found in grains that may serve as intermediate host for Hymenolepis spp.
Tribolium beetles
41
H. nana Drug of choice: Alternative:
- Praziquantel - Niclosamide
42
Dipylidium caninum is also known as
“dog or cat tapeworm” “pumpkin seed tapeworm”
43
* Commonly associated with Dipylidiasis, dog or cat tapeworm disease * Distribution is worldwide. * Children are at the highest risk for infection transmission.
Dipylidium caninum
44
* Consists of typical six-hooked oncosphere. * Form a membrane-enclosed packets which may contain 5 to 30 eggs per packet.
Dipylidium caninum Eggs
45
* Conical in shape with four suckers and a club-shaped retractable rostellum armed with one to six or seven circlets of spines (rose-thorn shaped) instead of hooks.
D caninum
46
* The mature and gravid proglottids resemble pumpkin seeds in shape * Each mature segment contains two sets of both male and female reproductive organs
Dipylidium caninum Proglottids
47
* Accidental human infection happens upon ingestion of an intermediate host’s dog or cat fleas
Dipylidium caninum
48
* The fleas may be transmitted by a lick of the infected dog or cat or by hand-to-mouth contamination or ingestion of contaminated food.
Dipylidium caninum
49
Patients may also experience anal pruritis caused by migrating gravid proglottids to the anus.
Dipylidiasis: Dog or Cat Tapeworm Disease
50
H. caninum diagnosis
recovery of egg packets or gravid proglottid in stool samples
51
H. caninum Treatment of choice: Alternatives:
- Praziquantel - Niclosamide and Paramomycin
52
“broad fish tapeworm”
Diphyllobothrium latum
53
Diphyllobothrium latum is also known as
Dibothriocephalus latus
54
* Found in a variety of temperate regions worldwide * Noted endemic areas include parts of South America and Asia, Central Africa, the Baltic region, and Finland where raw and/or freshwater fish are routinely consumed. Also found in Alaska and the Great Lakes in US.
Diphyllobothrium latum
55
* Consists of a ciliated larval stage known as coracidium, surrounded by a smooth yellow to brown shell. * Operculum, which is a lid structure, consumes one end of the egg * Abopercular knob is a small but distinct terminal knob which extends from the opposite end of the egg.
D. latum eggs
56
Almond in shape and contains two long, prominent, sucking grooves.
D. latum scolices
57
* Wider than they are longer * Characteristically contain a centrally located uterine structure that frequently assumes a rosette formation.
D. latum proglottids
58
H. latum Human infection is initiated upon ingestion of ____
pleurocercoid
59
a precursor larval stage, contaminated freshwater fish that is raw or undercooked.
pleurocercoid
60
D. latum First intermediate host: Second intermediate host:
- Cyclops - Freshwater fish
61
D. latum _____ may develop when the adult worm takes up residence in and attaches itself to the proximal part of the jejunum. This condition mimics that of Pernicious Anemia.
Vitamin B12 deficiency
62
This condition results from ingesting the procercoid larvae of Diphyllobothrium latum.
Sparganosis
63
an infected subcutaneous tissue often described as white, wrinkled, and ribbon-shaped, typically results
Sparganum
64
Humans can contract Sparganosis in two ways:
1. Through water contaminated with infected copepods. 2. Through medicines contaminated with infected animal by-products.
65
H. latum Drugs of choice: Sparganosis:
- Praziquantel and Niclosamide - Surgical removal of sparganum ( treatment with praziquantel is also effective)
66
Echinococcus granulosus is also knwon as
“dog tapeworm” “hydatid tapeworm”
67
causes cystic echinococcus and is most frequently encountered
Echinococcus granulosus
68
is associated with alveolar echinococcus which is becoming more common
E. multilocularis
69
Within the hydatid cyst of E. granulosus, miniaturizations of the entire cyst may occur, and is referred to as
daughter cysts
70
components found in the fluid of older E.granulosus cysts that typically include daughter cysts, free scolices, hooklet, and miscellaneous nondescript material may evolve
Hydatid sand
71
E. granulosus scolex contains four suckers and has approximately ____ (not typically seen in humans but in canines)
36 hooks
72
Serves as accidental intermediate hosts of e. granulosus
Humans
73
Enlargement of cyst leads to necrosis of the infected tissues, accompanied by build up of pressure on the site. Death may also occur.
ECHINOCOCCOSIS/HYDATID DISEASE/HYDATIDOSIS
74
E granulosus lab diagnosis
- Hydatid cyst biopsy samples - Serologic tests such as ELISA, IHA, and Western blot test -
75
E. granulosus treatment
- Surgical removal of the hydatid cyst - Mebendazole, Albendazole, and Praziquantel have been useful in situations which the hydatid cyst was inoperable.

Parasitology (6 decks)

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