cestodes Flashcards

Question

diseases and symptoms 1. Diphyllobothrium latum 2. Spirometra 3.Taenia spp. 4. Taenia solium 5. Hymenolepis nana 6. Hymenolepis diminuta 7. Dipylidium caninum 8. Echinococcus granulosus 9. Echinococus multilocularis

Answer 1

1. DISEASE one disease with differing names: - Diphyllobothriasis - Fish Tapeworm Infection - Broad Fish Infection - Tapeworm Infection SYMPTOMS * Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia - D. latum has a high affinity for cobalamin thus needing competitive uptake reducing the amt. available for human host absorption * Sparganosis - Sparganum → infected subcutaneous tissue often described as white, wrinkled, and ribbon-shaped - results from ingesting the procercoid via accidental ingestion of water while swimming 2. DISEASE larvae migrate through intestinal wall = subcutaneous tissue or organ damage SYMPTOMS * Initial Stages: often asymptomatic * Later Stages: painful inflammation, nodules, or organ-specific symptoms: Subcutaneous: Nodules Ocular: Periorbital Edema or Ocular Sparganosis CNS: Seizures, Paresthesias, Hemiparesis, Cerebral Sparganosis 3. DISEASE Intestinal Taeniasis - caused by T. spp SYMPTOMS * often asymptomatic * when symptomatic: - vague abdominal discomfort - indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, or weight loss - rarely causes acute intestinal obstruction or appendicitis 4. DISEASE Cyticercosis - caused by T. solium SYMPTOMS * serious and potentially ifethreatening condition where larvae migrate to tissues such as brain * eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil (often via fecal-oral route) * oncospheres hatch → penetrate intestinal wall → spread via bloodstream to tissues * larvae (cystecerci) encyst in various organs * host immune reactions such as inflammatory infiltration followed by fibrosis and calcification 5. DISEASE one disease differing names: - Hymenolepiasis - Dwarf Tapeworm Disease SYMPTOMS - often asymptomatic - GI in heavy infection 6. DISEASE one disease differing names: - Hymenolepiasis - Rat Tapeworm Disease SYMPTOMS - usually asymptomatic - mild GI symptoms if present 7. DISEASE one disease differing names: - Dipylidiasis - Dog or Cat Tapeworm Disease SYMPTOMS - not stated 8. DISEASES one disease differing names: - Echinococcosis - Hydatid Cyst - Hydatid Disease - Hydatidosis *caused by larval stages, hydatid cyst, in humans *may also develop in liver, lungs, brain, and other organs -*may grow large exerting pressure or causing rupture which is ifethreatening due to severe infections SYMPTOMS * Depends on Cyst Site: - Liver → jaundice - Lungs → dyspnea - Brain → seizures - Rupture → anaphylaxis 9. DISEASE Alveolar Hydatid Disease - causes multilocular, tumor-like liver lesions without fluid or brood capsules - mimics malignancy

Answer 2

1. * Microscopic Examination - detect operculated eggs or gravid proglottids in feces - arrangement of the uterus in gravid proglottid at its center is frequently likened to a rosette * Molecular Diagnosis (PCR) 2. * Serology - ELISA (anti-sparganum antibodies) * Imaging (CT/MRI) - cerebral involvement * Biopsy - surgical removal and identification of larva 3. * Stool Exam - for eggs or proglottids - eggs are identified only as Taenia spp. * PCR - for species identification 4. * Serologic Tests - ELISA - Indirect Hemagglutination * Imaging - CT/X-ray for calcified cysts - MRI for live/non-calcified cysts * Biopsy - confirms cysticercus in tissue 5. * Stool Exam - identification of egg packets - rare to find single eggs * Macroscopic Observation - gravid proglottids resembling rice grains or pumpkin seeds in stool or underwear 6. * Imaging - Ultrasound - CT scan - MRI * Serology - ELISA - Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA) * Biopsy - risky due to potential cyst rupture

Answer 3

1. TREATMENT * Praziquantel - 5 to 10 mg/kg orally in a single-dose therapy * Parenteral Vitamin B12 - given in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia PREVENTION AND CONTROL - proper cooking of fish/ de freezing of fish (-10°C for 24 – 48 hours) - proper sanitation - periodical deworming of pet dogs and cats as they can be infected by eating contaminated raw fish - treatment of cases 2. TREATMENT * Surgical Excision - only effective treatment PREVENTION AND CONTROL - filter/boil water to kill Cyclops (genus of freshwater copepods). - avoid eating raw/undercooked fish or amphibians/reptiles. - do not apply raw animal flesh on wounds. 3. TREATMENT - not stated PREVENTION AND CONTROL - thoroughly cook pork - practice proper sanitation and hand hygiene - avoid fecal contamination of food, water, or soil - treat T. solium carriers to prevent autoinfection 4. TREATMENT - not stated PREVENTION AND CONTROL - hygiene sanitation - rodent or insect control 5. TREATMENT - not stated PREVENTION AND CONTROL - regular deworming of pets (dogs and cats) - flea control (collars, shampoos, environment sanitation) - handwashing, especially after handling pets - prevent children from ingesting fleas via close contact with animals 6. TREATMENT * Surgical Removal * Puncture-Aspiration-Injection-Reaspiration (PAIR) * Antiparasitics - Albendazole - Mebendazole - Praziquante PREVENTION AND CONTROL - avoid feeding dogs infected or raw offal - deworm dogs regularly - improve hygiene - promote education in endemic areas 7. TREATMENT * Surgical Resection - if feasible * Albendazole - used post-op or when surgery isn’t possible

Answer 4

Spirometra

Answer 5

* white, ribbon-like, wrinkled, several mm to cm long * scolex-like grooves present at anterior end * larvae do not mature in humans = no egg production

Answer 6

T. saginata: ~ 1048 segments T. solium: ~ 898 segments

Answer 7

(causedby T. solium) 1. Subcutaneous Tissue * painless nodules - often incidental findings 2. Muscle * acute myositis * pain * swelling 3. Eye (Ocular Cysticercosis) * blurred vision * floaters * vision loss if it involves the retina or vitreous body 4. Brain (Neurocysticercosis) * most common and serious * symptoms include: - seizures - headaches - confusion or ataxia - hydrocephalus - death (severe cases) * major cause of adult-onset epilepsy in endemic areas (Latin America, Southeast Asia, Sub Saharan Africa)

Answer 8

Taenia saginata asiatica - morphologically similar to T. saginata except it is similar in size

Answer 9

pig - it is primarily located in liver of pig

Answer 10

Hymenolepis nana

Answer 11

suffer from anaphylaxis - as hydatid sand and fluid are highly antigenic - antibodies are circulating and fixed antigens

Answer 12

overwhelming hydatidosis.

Answer 13

* Liver (most common) * Lungs * Brain (most dangerous) * Kidney * Bones * Spleen

Answer 14

* Unilocular Hydatid Cyst - grow on the liver, lungs, and brain * Osseous Hydatid Cyst - inside the bone canals * Alveolar Hydatid Cyst - produced by Echinococcus multilocularis

Answer 15

Pericyst - outermost fibrous capsule - formed by the host’s tissue in response to the parasite Ectocyst - middle, acellular laminated layer - secreted by the parasite - provides protection Endocyst (Germinal Layer) - innermost layer - actively produces the contents of the cyst, including brood capsules and daughter cysts

Answer 16

Brood Capsules - contain developing protoscolices (juvenile worms)

Answer 17

Daughter Cysts - may produce their own brood capsules

Answer 18

Hydatid Sand - appears granular under microscope

cestodes Flashcards

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