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vtt 115 - clin path 2 > cestodes and immunology > Flashcards

cestodes and immunology Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

common name for cestodes

A

tapeworms

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2
Q

head of tapeworm? segments?

A

scolex; proglottis

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3
Q

Why can tapeworm infection be missed if a gross fecal exam is not done

A

Intact proglottids are too heavy to float

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4
Q

What effects do tapeworms have on the host

A
  • intestinal obstruction
  • injury to intestinal mucosa (enteritis)
  • interfere with absorption of nutrients
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5
Q

Name the genus for 5 kinds of tapeworm and tell what the definitive host species is

A

dipylidium (dogs and cats)
taenia (dogs and cats)
echinococcus (dogs and cats)
anaplocephala (horse)
monezia (ruminants)

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6
Q

Besides worming the animal, what must be done to prevent reinfection with cestodes?

A

control the intermediate host

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7
Q

intermediate host for dipylidium

A

fleas

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8
Q

intermediate host for taenia

A

rabbits and rodents

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9
Q

intermediate host for echinococcus

A

sheep, deer, elk, humans

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10
Q

intermediate host for large animal tapeworms

A

mites

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11
Q

immunology

A

cells from other organisms have proteins on the surface that are recognized by an animal’s immune system as not belonging to the animal’s body

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12
Q

antigens

A

proteins not wanted in the body

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13
Q

antibody

A

fit the shape of antigen to remove it

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14
Q

sensitivity

A

Ability to correctly identify all animals that are truly positive for a given reaction procedure

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15
Q

Specificity

A

Measures the number of false positives produced with a given reaction procedure

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16
Q

sensitivity vs specificity

A
  • highly sensitive tests are prone to false positives
  • highly specific tests are prone to false negatives
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17
Q

sample collection tubes

Study These Flashcards
A

Red top- serum
Lavender- plasma unless otherwise noted
Green top- if heparinized plasma is requested

18
Q

serum handling

Study These Flashcards
A

● Clot for 20 to 30 minutes at room temperature
● Centrifuge for 10 minutes at ≤1500 rpm

19
Q

plasma handling

Study These Flashcards
A

● Centrifuge immediately after collection
* Pipette serum or plasma into a transfer tube and label
* Freeze or refrigerate for later use

20
Q

ELISA

Study These Flashcards
A

● most commonly used in vet practice
● accurate way to detect specific antigens: viruses, bacteria, parasites hormones
- test for antibody in serum: contains heart worm, feline leukemia, FIV, Parvo, progesterone

21
Q

CELISA

Study These Flashcards
A

● Uses patient antigen
● Uses enzyme-labeled antigens, as well as monoclonal antibodies
● Intensity of color varies with concentration
● equine infectious Anemia

22
Q

latex agglutination

Study These Flashcards
A
  • uses small, spherical latex particles coated with an antigen suspended in water
  • if serum containing the correct antibody is added, agglutination occurs
  • bovine brucellosis
23
Q

false negatives can occur

Study These Flashcards
A

when excessive amounts of antigen or antibody are present

24
Q

prozone phenomenon

Study These Flashcards
A

excess antibody: it is possible that each antibody molecule binds with only one or two antibodies and does not cross-link so that agglutination does not occur

excess antigen: can result in lack of cross linking when the excess antigen surrounds any small clumps that may form

25
lateral flow immunoassay
● Uses colloidal gold, enzymes, and color reagents or agglutinated latex particles ● Antibodies present in the membrane of the test cassette where sample is applied. ● Positive results show two areas of color, test, and control.
26
immunology analyzers
● Are available for practices but are not common - Some only read test results ● Larger units are used in reference laboratories ● Can read multiple tests at once ● Many automated analyzers use the principles of chemiluminescence
27
Chemiluminescence
● Principle similar to the ELISA method except that the test uses a substrate that reacts to produce light ● Amount of light produced can be quantified ● Used for detection and quantification of pathogens as well as other substances - Thyroid hormones, cortisol, pancreatic lipase, progesterone, and testosterone
28
Coomb's test
detects the presence of autoantibodies
29
Direct Coombs’ reaction
- detects antibodies that attack RBC's - positive test: Immune-mediated hemolytic disease
30
indirect Coomb's
- detects circulating antibodies - positive test: antibodies against body's own tissue
31
immunodiffusion
- Patient serum and antigen placed in separate wells on an agar plate - Both diffuse through the agar and form a band of precipitation where they meet - no band = no antibody present - detects: equine infectious anemia and johne's disease
32
Radioimmunoassay
● Mainly used in research and diagnostic laboratories. ● Similar to CELISA but uses a radioisotope instead of an enzyme. ● Antigen is labeled with a radioisotope and an antibody. ● Radioactivity is measured and compared with a standard curve to determine the concentration of antigen in the patient’s serum.
33
Fluorescent Antibody Testing
● Not common in veterinary practice but available in reference laboratories ● Used to verify a tentative diagnosis - two tests: direct and indirect - Patient sample added to a fluorescent dye- conjugated antigen - Examined microscopically for fluorescence
34
Antibody Titers
● Not routinely performed ● May be needed to distinguish between active infection and prior exposure ● Used when reliable antigen test not available ● Can be used to determine need for revaccination
35
titer
greatest dilution at which a sample no longer yield a positive result
36
Molecular Diagnostics
● Analyze DNA and RNA ● Many state diagnostic laboratories offer testing
37
molecular diagnostics DNA tests are used to
- identify cancers - detect genetic defects - pedigrees - bacterial contaminants in food
38
advantages to molecular diagnostics
- increased sensitivity and specificity - small samples - faster results
39
disadvantages to molecular diagnostics
- contamination gives false positives - high levels of expertise to run tests - high cost
40
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- similar to PCR but tests single-stranded RNA - must first be converted to double-stranded DNA before PCR can continue
41
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
● Decreases the risk of contamination ● More easily automated ● Faster and easier to run ● fluorescence probe attaches to DNA segments
42
Polymerase Chain Reaction
● Small amount of DNA detected is amplified to better run the test and determine results. ● Three steps: - Denaturation - Annealing - Extension - Process repeated 25 to 30 times to gain enough DNA

vtt 115 - clin path 2 (7 decks)

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