cytology

Question 1

cytology

Answer 1

Study of cells Exfoliative=cells shed from body

Question 2

fine needle aspiration

Answer 2

• Hold the mass firmly
• stick mass with needle and syringe
• draw back on the plunger until about three fourths of the volume of the syringe
• Redirect the needle to collect sample regions of the mass—maintaining negative pressure
• Remove from mass after removing negative pressure and remove the needle from the syringe
• Draw air into syringe and replace needle
• Expel needle contents onto slide

Question 3

direct imprints

Answer 3

1. Imprint before the lesion is cleaned
2. Then clean the lesion with saline-moistened surgical sponge Imprint No. 2 is taken
3. Debride lesion and imprint No. 3
4. If a scab is present, imprint underside of scab No. 4
5. Imprint exposed tissue No. 5

Question 4

fluids and washes

Answer 4

• 18- or 20- gauge through-the-needle catheter
• Cliphair of laryngeal area and aseptically prepare Lidocaine for local anesthesia
• Needle inserted into trachea through cricothyroid membrane and catheter advanced into the lumen of the trachea
• Sterile saline is infused through catheter
• When animal coughs, pull back plunger to collect fluid

Question 5

swab

Answer 5

moisten sterile cotton swab with sterile saline, after collection gently roll swab along slide do not rub

Question 6

methods for properly preparing a slide from FNA, swabbing, fluids and washes, and solid tumor

Answer 6

Compression, Combination, Starfish, Line Smear, Wedge smear

Question 7

stains of choice

Answer 7

Romanowsky stains (Wright, Giemsa, DiffQuick, DipStat), New Methylene Blue

Question 8

how to examine a cytological slide

Answer 8

Start at 10X to find islands of cells then switch to 40X; Yes coverslip if no oil immersion, if oil immersion no coverslip

Question 9

how samples should be prepared for sending to a referral lab. If you look at the slides prior to sending them, what must you NOT do?

Answer 9

• 2-3 air dried unstained slides
• 2-3 Romanowsky stained slides
• direct smears and EDTA and Red top tubes
• protect slides, DO NOT SEND SLIDES WITH OIL

Question 10

parts of the body from which cells may be collected for analysis and the method that may be used to collect cells from each area

Answer 10

• Bodily fluids- cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pleural, synovial (washes and aspiration)
• Mucosal surfaces-trachea, vagina (transtracheal wash, percutaneous, swabbing)
• Secretions-semen, prostatic fluid, milk (collection into proper tube, endoscopic method, FNA)

Question 11

how a sample is collected from a dog and prepared for vaginal cytology examination

Answer 11

Swab with cotton swab moistened with sterile saline, roll onto slide

Question 12

Karyorrhexis

Answer 12

Cell fragmentation

Question 13

Karyolysis

Answer 13

Rapid cell death

Question 14

pyknosis

Answer 14

Slow cell death (aging)

Question 15

degenerative neutrophil

Answer 15

swelling of the nucleus, nucleus appears lighter stained and smudged

Question 16

sepsis

Answer 16

infection

Question 17

non - degenerative neutrophil

Answer 17

these are neutrophils with tightly clumped, basophilic nuclear chromatin

Question 18

Neoplasia

Answer 18

Contain a homogeneous population of a single cell type

Question 19

Macrophage

Answer 19

tissue resident immune cells and can be generated from monocytes in the blood after their activation and tissue infiltration

Question 20

Inflammatory

Answer 20

characterized by WBCs

Question 21

Malignant

Answer 21

Cancerous cells likely to spread and cause more serious disease

Question 22

Benign

Answer 22

cells that are not likely to spread to other areas

Question 23

nucleolus/nucleoli

Answer 23

Malignant cells display abnormal configurations

Question 24

procedure for initial examination a cytology slide

Answer 24

10X objective: estimate 2 dominant cell types by scanning multiple fields, switch to 40X identify multiple fields one at a time

Question 25

As you first examine a slide, what 3 things should you look for that would prompt you to make a new slide?

Answer 25

Smear is too thick, has few cells, or mostly broken cells

Question 26

What do you determine first when looking at the cells?

Answer 26

Identify dominant cells, and decide whether the sample is non-inflammatory or inflammatory

Question 27

What cells are dominant in an inflammatory response?

Answer 27

Neutrophils,macrophages, or eosinophils

Question 28

3 types of cells seen if there is neoplasia

Answer 28

Round cells Mesenchymal (spindle cells) Epithelial cells

Question 29

round cells

Answer 29

individualized, round nuclei, distinct cell borders, high cellularity

Question 30

mesenchymal spindle cells

Answer 30

wispy, frayed, indistinct cytoplasmic borders, low to moderate cellularity, disorganized clusters

Question 31

epithelial cells

Answer 31

Polygonal, caudate, or round. (like epithelial types in urine) Distinct cell borders. “Organized” clusters. Moderated to high cellularity

Question 32

characteristics of a neoplastic cell in comparison to benign cells

Answer 32

- large variations in size, appearance nuclei tend to be large, and they may have course chromatin - there may be more than one nucleus in a cell or other signs of abnormal mitosis nucleoli are present in irregular numbers and sizes - large variations in the ratio of nucleus size to cytoplasm, cytoplasm may be very basophilic, cell margins may be frayed, Purple granules or black and green granules in the cytoplasm of cells with round nuclei

Question 33

Neutrophils and macrophages are the most common cells seen in inflammation caused by fungus or

Answer 33

parasites

Question 34

What other cell types indicate inflammation related to parasites or allergy?

Answer 34

eosinophils

Question 35

How can you tell mature lymphocytes from neoplastic round cells on a cytology smear?

Answer 35

neoplastic cells will display at least three abnormal configurations within the nucleus such as nucleoli with variable shapes, a diffuse chromatin pattern, etc.

Question 36

5 characteristics that a degenerative neutrophil might exhibit

Answer 36

karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, swollen cell, toxic granules, frothy cytoplasm, and/ or increased basophilia of cytoplasm

Question 37

Sepsis is likely when we see large numbers of _____. If we see cells of these types with bacteria in the cytoplasm, that will confirm it.

Answer 37

degenerate neutrophils

Question 38

What else can cause inflammation other than sepsis?

Answer 38

Non-septic inflammation Indicates the body is trying to get rid of dead tissue, a foreign body, or abnormal tissue growth (neoplasia)

Question 39

Describe a mast cell. Which of the 3 types of neoplastic cell types is it? How can it be differentiated from a basophil? How can it be differentiated from melanoma?

Answer 39

Mast cell tumors—prominent purple/black granules (round cells - no indented nucleus like baso) Melanoma—cells with prominent dark black granules

Question 40

You see a bunch of strings of blue on a cytologic smear and they all go the same direction. What are these? What is the cause?

Answer 40

Smudged cells from incorrect technique

Question 41

What is the name of the yeast common in ear infections? What does it look like?

Answer 41

Malassezia, footprint

Question 42

Besides yeast, what else would you look for on an ear smear that would indicate infection?

Answer 42

bacteria

Question 43

You are looking at a slide made from swabbing out an ear. You see cellular debris and 3 yeast cells and 10 rod bacteria on the whole slide. Should you tell the vet that the slide indicates the animal has an ear infection?

Answer 43

This would be few yeast and few bacteria so no

Question 44

You rolled a swab of material taken from the ear canal on a slide. What do you do to the slide before staining it?

Answer 44

Heating the slide can help get rid of excess cerumen

Question 45

If you stain a slide made from an FNA of a lipoma with Sudan stain, what will the cells look like? What is a lipoma? If you stained it with Dif-Quick, what would you see on the slide?

Answer 45

Sample looks like oil on the slide; Sample disappears after fixed in Dif-Quick. Staining slide with NMB or Sudan IV stain shows outline of large, fat filled cells with dot-like nuclei near edge.

Question 46

microscope settings for vaginal cytology

Answer 46

40x, medium light

Question 47

why is vaginal cytology not done on cats

Answer 47

potential ovulate because they think they've been mated

Question 48

4 phases of canine estrous cycle

Answer 48

anestrus proestrus estrus diestrus

Question 49

anestrus

Answer 49

- no vulvar swelling - doesn't attract male - primarily parabasal and small intermediate

Question 50

proestrus

Answer 50

- attracted to male - first heat cycle - leaning off paranasal to more intermediate and superficial

Question 51

estrus

Answer 51

- accepts male - mainly anclear

Question 52

diestrus

Answer 52

- decrease in swelling - no longer attracts male - anuclear disappears and parabasal reappears

Question 53

two reasons besides breeding status for doing a vaginal cytology

Answer 53

vaginitis and metritis

Question 54

vaginitis

Answer 54

inflammation of vulva

Question 55

metritis

Answer 55

inflammation of uterus