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CFD 11 Month > CFD Wildland Manual > Flashcards

CFD Wildland Manual Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

3 types of ground cover fire

A

ground fire
surface fire
crown fire

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2
Q

ground fire

A

burn in the layer of dead organic matter that generally covers the soil in forested areas

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3
Q

surface fire

A

most common type

it burns on the soil surface and uses low lying grass, shrubs and other vegetations as fuel

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4
Q

crown fire

A

are wind-driven, high-intensity fires that move the treetops of heavily forested areas

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5
Q

wildland fire triangle

A

fuels
weather
topography

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6
Q

fuels can be divided into two categories

A

dead and live

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7
Q

fine fuels

A

1 hour fuels, 1/4” or less in diameter

grass, small twigs, surface duff

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8
Q

Light Fuels

A

10 hour fuels

twigs and stems

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9
Q

Medium Fuels

A

100 hour fuels

branches, small trees and logs, medium depth duff

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10
Q

Heavy Fuels

A

1000 hour fuels

logs, trees, deep duff, peat

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11
Q

Factors causing variation in ignition temperature

A

Size (smaller will ignite easier)
shape of fuel
moisture content (heat of vaporization)
quantity of fuel being heated
velocity of air around the particle

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12
Q

the most important aspect of fire ignition temperatures

A

moisture content

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13
Q

Two categories of fuel continuity

A

uniform and patchy

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14
Q

uniform fuels

A

are distributed continuously over the area

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15
Q

patchy fuels

A

all fuels distributed unevenly over the area

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16
Q

Fuel moisture

A

defined as the percentage of the fuels weight that is water but is usually referred to in more general terms

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17
Q

two conditions influencing fuel moisture

A

greeness or curing stage

shade protection

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18
Q

Greeness or Curing stage

A

green (spring)
curing (summer)
Cured (fall and early spring)

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19
Q

Shade protection

A

Fuels under dense stands dry out slower

south slope fuels dry fast

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20
Q

The most important variable to be considered in evaluating fire behaviour

A

Weather

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21
Q

Four variables influence fire weather

A

relative humidity
temperature
wind
precipitation

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22
Q

relative humidity

A

is the actual amount of water vapour in the air compared to what it could hold at the same temperature and pressure, expressed as a percentage

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23
Q

An RH above 50% to 60% is considered a humid condition

A

greater than 60% - humid

less than 30% - dry

less than 20% - very dry

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24
Q

Crossover

A

when the increasing temperature in degrees celcius and the decreasing RH in percentage are equal or approaching the same value

fire problems are likely

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25
Four major categories of Topography
Aspect Steepness shape of country barriers
26
Aspect
direction with respect to sunlight and wind slope facing the sun receive more direct solar radiation south and west slopes heat up more quickly and have higher ground and air temperatures
27
steepness
steep slopes affect the vegetation and the rate of speed
28
Rule of thumb for spread increase
a fire burning uphill on a moderate slope (0-40%) will double in speed when going to a steep slope (40-70%) and it will double again when going from a steep to a very steep slope (70-100%)
29
fire danger rating
based on continuous weather information over a fire season, estimates: probability of a fire starting estimate burning intensity rate of fire spread
30
Low Fire rating
indicates that fie will not start readily and will burn slowly
31
Moderate Fire Rating
indicates that the rate of fire spread will be moderate and fire control will not be difficult
32
High Fire Rating Indicates
fire will start easily fire will spread rapidly spotting will occur direct attack will be difficult
33
Extreme Fire Rating Indicates
fires will start readily from all causes fires will burn intensely fires will spread rapidly control will be confined to the flanks direct attack will be unlikely
34
Parts of a Ground Cover Fire
35
Area or Origin
where the fire started
36
head
leading edge of the, generally where the most intense flame is
37
rear
opposite side from the head, usually where the fire is least intense
38
flank
the side of the fire, linking the head and the rear
39
Finger
extension of the fire away from the main body, often as a result of shifting winds or topography changes
40
Bay
space between the fingers or between a finger and the main fire extremely dangerous due to fire surrounding the bay on three sides
41
Island
unburned area located within the area where the fire has already burned fuel is still present and islands should not be regarded as safety zones
42
spot fire
a small fire that starts to burn ahead of the head of the fire (usually a result of winds)
43
Green
the area of unburned fuel around the fire
44
Black
area where the fire has already burned, eliminating most or all fuel often the safest place to be near the fire
45
Ground cover fire suppression steps
don appropriate PPE size up, identify safety and exposure risks protect exposures if necessary construct a fire line overhaul the area completely
46
Breaking the Fire Triangle
Remove the fuel Remove oxygen Reduce Heat
47
Remove the fuel by
cutting a line or separating the fuel from the fire
48
Remove oxygen by
cutting off the air with a foam mat or a cover of dirt
49
Reduce heat
below the combustion temperature by cooling with water or dirt
50
Four levels of Fire status
out of control - fire spread is not being contained being held - fire is not likely to spread under prevailing weather conditions under control - there is no further spread of the fire Extinguished - no head on the fire exists
51
Direct attack
involves acting on the actual burning perimeter of the fires edge flame height must be low and heat must not be too intense FF should work from the black - it is the safest
52
Indirect attack
consists of constructing an anchor line, utilizing natural breaks or creating fire breaks with the use of foam, heavy equipment or hand tools
53
fire line width
should be 1.5x the height of the burning material as a start
54
LACES
Describes a systems approach to safety in the wildland environment
55
LACES stands for
Lookouts Anchor Points Communication Escape Routes Safety Zones
56
Lookouts
used to watch the fire from a vantage point which gives a clear view of the overall fire area
57
Anchor points
advantageous locations to start or finish fighting a fire on a fire line or leading edge of a fire, usually a barrier to fire spread ex. roads, waterways, bike paths
58
communications
every FF is responsible for alerting other FF to any fire line hazards must be prompt and clear
59
Escape Routes
are retreat paths that provide rapid access to safety zones common escape route is the control line lead away from the head of the fire, usually at right angles to the direction of fire spread
60
Safety Zones
are areas where FF, apparatus or both can survive if control of the fire line is lost basic guideline, no FF or equipment should be within 4x the flame height of anywhere the fire will be burning along the edge of the safety zone
61
retreat and return
means FF retreat to safety zones and allow the fire to move through the area, when it is safe to do so FF may return to protect structures or extinguish remaining fires

CFD 11 Month (32 decks)

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