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Kinesiology > Ch. 0-5 > Flashcards

Ch. 0-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

World war 1 and world war 2 draftees

A

Failed intro exams due to mental and physical defects, still an issue today due to obesity among recruits

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2
Q

Eisenhower

A

Established the Presidents Council on Youth Fitness

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3
Q

CDC-ACSM recommendation (1995)

A

Every U.S. Adult should accumulate 30 mins of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week

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4
Q

Surgeon General’s Report (1996)

A

60% adults do not meet recommendations

25% not active at all

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5
Q

Integrated approach to study

A

Importance of molecular biology

Many scientists believe that questions about exercise and chronic disease may be answered with research

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6
Q

Professional societies

A

American Physiological Society (APS)
American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER)
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)- united physicians, physical educators, and physiologists

Health-related manuals for public schools, exercise is medicine initiative
Aims to encourage medicine professionals to promote physical activity to patients

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7
Q

Research on exercise physiology

A

International journal of sports medicine

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8
Q

Gain of control system

A

Degree or precision to which a control system maintains homeostasis
Large gain- more capable of maintaining homeostasis- cardiovascular system has this

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9
Q

Regulation of body temp

A

Negative feedback mechanism
If temp above normal- stimulus causes change of internal conditions, sensor sends data to brain, control center sets point at 37 degrees C, directs response to stimulus, effect such as blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete, return back to normal temp
If below normal- same steps but effect such as blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive

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10
Q

Regulation of blood glucose

A

Pancreas acts as both the sensor and effector organ
Endocrine system- requires the hormone system
Elevated blood glucose signals the pancreas to release insulin
Insulin causes cellular uptake of glucose

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11
Q

Exercise disrupts homeostasis

A

Exercise disrupts homeostasis by changes in pH, O2, CO2, and temperature

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12
Q

Cell signaling mechanisms

A

System on communication between cells that coordinate cellular activities

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13
Q

Intracrine signaling

A

Chemical messenger inside cell triggers response

Skeletal muscles adapt to training

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14
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

Chemical messenger passed between two connected cells

Cardiac muscle contraction

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15
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Chemical messenger acts on that same cell

Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Chemical messengers act on nearby cells

Immune cells signal and activate nervous system transmission

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17
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Chemical messengers released into blood
Only affect cells with specific receptor
Hormones of endocrine system

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18
Q

Bioenergetics

A 
Converting foodstuffs (fats,proteins,carbs) into energy
1st law of thermodynamics- energy is neither created nor destroyed; it changes form (energy,waste,waste heat)
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19
Q

Molecular biology and exercise science

A

Study of molecular structures and events underlying biological processes- relationship between genes and cellular characteristics they control
Genes code for specific cellular proteins- process of protein synthesis
Exercise training results in modifications in protein synthesis- strength training results in increased synthesis of muscle contractile protein
Molecular biology provides tools for understanding the cellular response to exercise

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20
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Cellular chemical reaction
Require energy to be added
Endothermic

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21
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Cellular chemical reaction
Release energy
Exothermic

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22
Q

Coupled reactions

A

Cellular chemical reaction

Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions

Lower the energy of activation

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24
Q

Diagnostic value of measuring enzyme activity in blood

A

Damaged cells release enzymes into the blood- enzyme levels in blood indicate disease or tissue damage

Diagnostic application- elevated lactate dehydrogenase or creating kinase in the blood may indicate a myocardial infarction

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25
Factors that alter enzyme activity
Temperature- small rise in body temp increases enzyme activity- exercise results in increase body temp pH- changes in pH reduces enzyme activity- lactic acid produced during exercise
26
Carbohydrates
Glycogen- storage form of glucose in liver and muscle, synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase - glycogenesis- breakdown of glycogen to glucose
27
Fats
Triglycerides- storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue - breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids via lipolysis
28
Protein
Some can be converted to glucose in the liver- gluconeogenesis
29
Anaerobic ATP Production
ATP-PC system- immediate source of ATP Glycolysis- glucose> 2 pyruvic acid or 2 lactic acid - energy investment phase- requires 2 ATP - energy generation phase- produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
30
Hydrogen and electron carrier molecules
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
31
Fats and proteins in aerobic metabolism
Fats- triglycerides> glycerol and fatty acids> acetyl coA -beta oxidation Protein- broken down into amino acids -converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA, and Krebs cycle intermediates
32
Relationship between the metabolism of proteins carbs and fats
Pg 58 in book
33
Oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic atp production
Occurs in the mitochondria as a result of a complex interaction between the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. The primary role of the Krebs cycle is to complete the oxidation of substrates and form NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain.
34
ATP balance sheet
Recent research indicates that 1 glucose produces 32 ATP
35
Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is 34%
36
Control of bioenergetics
Rate-limiting enzymes- an enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway Modulators of Rate-limiting enzymes- high levels of atp inhibit ATP production
37
Initial atp production through anaerobic pathways
ATP-PC system first then Glycolysis
38
Oxygen deficit
Lag on oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
39
Comparison of trained and untrained subjects
Trained subjects have a lower oxygen deficit- better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity - due to cardiovascular or muscular adaptations Results in less production of lactate and H+
40
Recovery from exercise
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) | -terminology reflects that only 20% elevated O2 consumption used to repay O2 deficit
41
Rapid portion of O2 debt
Resynthesis of stored PC | Replenishing muscle and blood O2 stores
42
EPOC is greater following higher intensity exercise
Higher body temp Greater depletion of PC Greater blood concentrations of lactic acid Higher levels of blood epinephrine and norepinephrine
43
Removal of lactic acid following exercise
Lactic acid is removed more rapidly with light exercise in recovery -optimal intensity is 30-40% VO2max
44
High intensity short term exercise
2-20 seconds the muscles atp production is dominated by the ATP-PC system High intensity events lasting longer than 45 secs use a combination of the ATP-PC system, glycolysis, and the aerobic system to produce the needed atp for muscular contraction, with a 50%/50% anaerobic/aerobic contribution needed for exercise lasting between 2-3 mins
45
Prolonged exercise
>10 mins | -atp production primarily from aerobic metabolism
46
Physiological factors influencing VO2max
Maximum ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the muscle Ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce atp aerobically With training VO2 increases and decreases with age
47
Lactate threshold
The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise
48
Explanations for the lactate threshold
Accelerated glycolysis- excess NADH in cytoplasm converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid Reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood
49
Does lactate cause muscle soreness
Lactate production is commonly believed to cause muscle soreness Physiological evidence does not support this claim What does cause muscle soreness? - microscopic injury to muscle fibers leads to inflammation
50
Low intensity exercise
<30% VO2max | Fats primary fuel
51
Crossover concept
Describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases
52
Lipolysis
Breakdown of triglycerides>glycerol + FFA
53
Interaction of fat and CHO metabolism during exercise
Glycogen is depleted during prolonged high intensity exercise - reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate - reduced Krebs cycle intermediate - reduced fat oxidation
54
Carb feeding via sports drinks
The depletion of muscle and blood carb stores contributes to fatigue
55
Source of carb during exercise
Muscle glycogen - primary source of carb during high intensity exercise - supplies much of the carbs in the first hour of exercise Blood glucose -primary source of carbs during low intensity exercise
56
Effect of exercise duration on muscle fuel source (graph)
Blood glucose is spared early in exercise and use most after 3-4 hours and as time goes by muscle glucose is depleted
57
Source of protein during exercise
Only a small contribution (2%) to total energy production during exercise
58
The cori cycle- lactate as a fuel source
Liver converts lactate to glucose Decreases accumulated lactate
59
Graph for exam
Draw a summary graph of the changes in the following hormones with exercise of increasing intensity or duration: epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon
60
Blood hormone concentration
The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by the plasma concentration Determined by - rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland - rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone
61
Hormone receptor interactions
Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors -number of receptors on the cell Downregulation- decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone Upregulation- increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone
62
Adrenal medulla
Secretes the catecholamines | -epinephrine and norepinephrine
63
Cortisol
Simulated by stress -part of general adaption syndrome GAS Decrease during low intensity exercise 40% of VO2max Increase during high intensity exercise 60% VO2max
64
adipose tissue
Secretes lepton and adiponectin
65
Testosterone and estrogen
Establish and maintain reproductive function and determine secondary sex characteristics
66
Chronic exercise
Can decrease testosterone levels in males and estrogen levels in females. The latter adaptation has potentially negative consequences related to osteoporosis
67
Muscle glycogen utilization
Glycogenolysis is related to exercise intensity- high intensity exercise results in greater and more rapid glycogen depletion
68
Control of muscle glycogen utilization
Breakdown of muscle glycogen is under dual control - epinephrine - Ca++
69
Thyroid hormones
Act in a permissive manner to allow other hormones to exert their full effect T3, t4 enhances effect of epinephrine to mobilize free fatty acids from adipose tissue
70
Growth hormone
Exercise effect- increase plasma GH with increased intensity Also during sleep
71
Insulin and glucagon
Insulin- plasma concentration decreases during exercise Glucagon- plasma concentration increases during exercise Breakdown liver glycogen stores

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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