Ch. 6-9

Question 1

Acute inflammation

Answer 1

• In response to injury
• short term
• causes edema (swelling)
• see redness, feel warmth, pain

Question 2

Chronic inflammation (low grade)

Answer 2

• due to obesity and aging

- linked to increased risk of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s

Question 3

Acquired immune system

Answer 3

• Adaptive immune response

- major cells (b cells, T cells)

Question 4

B cells

Answer 4

-secrete antibodies

Question 5

T cells

Answer 5

-recognize protein antigens

Question 6

Killer T cells

Answer 6

• cytotoxic T cells

- kill virus infected cells and tumor cells

Question 7

Prolonged exercise

Answer 7

-depressive effect on immune system

Question 8

Open window of increased risk of infection

Answer 8

-may be caused by high cortisol levels

Question 9

Exercise with cold?

Answer 9

• okay to exercise if symptoms are above neck

- do not exercise with fever, fatigue, widespread muscle aches

Question 10

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 10

• progressive neurological disease
• destroys myelin sheaths of axons
• results in progressive loss of nervous system function

Question 11

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 11

-disorder of the basal ganglia which results in involuntary tremors

Question 12

Proprioceptors

Answer 12

• receptors that provide cns with information about body positions
• located in joints and muscles

Question 13

Kinesthesia

Answer 13

• conscious recognition of the position of body parts

- limb movement rates

Question 14

Muscle spindle

Answer 14

• Responds to changes in muscle length
• intrafusal fibers (thin fibers) run parallel to normal muscle fibers (extrafusal fibers)
• stretch reflex- stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction- knee-jerk reflex

Question 15

Golgi tendon organ (gto)

Answer 15

Monitors tension developed in muscle

Question 16

Vestibular apparatus

Answer 16

• located in the inner ear

- responsible for maintaining general equilibrium and balance

Question 17

Equilibrium and balance

Answer 17

• 3 areas of input

- vestibular apparatus, eyes, joints, tendons, and muscle receptors

Question 18

Cerebrum

Answer 18

-motor cortex- motor control and voluntary movement

Question 19

Cerebellum

Answer 19

• coordinates and monitors complex movement
• connects to motor cortex, brain stem and spinal cord
• may initiate fast, ballistic movements

Question 20

Motor functions of spinal cord

Answer 20

-spinal tuning- voluntary movement translates into appropriate muscle action

Question 21

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 21

• responsible for maintaining internal environment
• effector organs not under voluntary control
• smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 22

Sympathetic division of ans

Answer 22

-Releases norepinephrine (ne)

Question 23

Parasympathetic division of ans

Answer 23

Releases acetylcholine (ach)

Question 24

How does exercise enhance brain health

Answer 24

• enhances learning and memory
• stimulates formation of new neurons
• improves brain vascular function and blood flow
• attenuates mechanisms driving depression
• reduces peripheral factors for cognitive decline; inflammation, hypertension, and insulin resistance

Question 25

Force-power relationship

Answer 25

-at any given velocity of movement, the power generated is greater in a muscle with a higher percent of fast-twitch fibers

Question 26

Muscle fatigue

Answer 26

- high intensity exercise (60 secs); accumulation of lactate, H+, Adp, and free radicals - long duration exercise (2-4 hrs); accumulation of free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, glycogen depletion

Question 27

Muscle fiber types

Answer 27

- oxidative capacity; number of capillaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin - type of myosin atpase; speed of atp degradation

Question 28

Type 1 fibers

Answer 28

- Slow-twitch fibers - dark- myoglobin and mitochondria - slow, fatigue resistance

Question 29

Type 2a fibers

Answer 29

-Intermediate fibers

Question 30

Type 2x fibers

Answer 30

- fast-twitch fibers - light- not as much myoglobin - fast, easily fatigued

Question 31

Power athletes

Answer 31

- sprinters | - higher percentage of fast fibers

Question 32

Endurance athletes

Answer 32

- distance runners | - higher percentage of slow fibers

Question 33

The circulatory system

Answer 33

- works with the pulmonary system - purposes of the cardiorespiratory system - transport o2 and nutrients to tissues - removal of co2 wastes from tissues - regulation of body temperature

Question 34

Capillaries

Answer 34

-exchange of o2, co2, and nutrients with tissues

Question 35

Cardiac cycle

Answer 35

- at rest, diastole longer than systole in healthy heart | - during exercise, both systole and diastole are shorter; greatest decreases is in diastole

Question 36

Pulse pressure

Answer 36

-difference between systolic and diastolic

Question 37

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 37

-slows hr by inhibiting sa and av node

Question 38

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 38

-increases he by stimulating sa and av node

Question 39

Nervous system regulation of heart rate

Answer 39

Cardiac center found in medulla oblongata

Question 40

Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs (beta-blockers)

Answer 40

-compete with epinephrine and norepinephrine for beta adrenergic receptors in the heart

Question 41

Frank-starling mechanism

Answer 41

-greater end diastolic volume results in a more forceful contraction

Question 42

Resistance depends on;

Answer 42

- length of vessel - viscosity of the blood - radius of the vessel - diameter is most important factor

Question 43

Oxygen delivery during exercise

Answer 43

-increased o2 delivery accomplished by; increased cardiac output, redistribution of blood flow- from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle

Question 44

Max hr for adults

Answer 44

220-age

Question 45

Fick equation

Answer 45

-relationship between cardiac output (q), a-vo2 difference, and vo2

Question 46

Local blood flow during exercise

Answer 46

- autoregulation; blood flow increased to meet metabolic demands of tissue; due to changes in o2 tension, co2 tension, nitric oxide, potassium, adenosine, and pH - vasoconstriction to visceral organs and inactive tissues; sns vasoconstriction

Question 47

Heart rate and cardiac output

Answer 47

-Increases linearly with increasing work rate

Question 48

Blood pressure

Answer 48

-mean arterial pressure increases linearly

Question 49

Double product (rate-pressure product)

Answer 49

-increases linearly with exercise intensity -indicated the work of the heart HR*systolic BP= double product

Question 50

Arm work

Answer 50

-at same oxygen uptake, arm work results in higher heart rate- due to higher sympathetic stimulation; blood pressure- due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass

Question 51

Know central command theory slide 80-81

Answer 51

Know