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Bio 101 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characters of Living Organisms

A

Cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity to environment, reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation

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2
Q

Cellular Level

A

Cell is the basic unity of life
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells

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3
Q

Organismal Level

A

Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems

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4
Q

Hierarchical Organization

A

Population, Species, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Uses general principles to make specific predictions

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6
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

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7
Q

5 step approach

A

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, conclusion

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8
Q

Def of hypothesis

A

A possible explanation for an observation

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9
Q

A hypothesis…

A

Must be tested to determine its validity
Tested in different ways
Allows for predictions to be made

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10
Q

Iterative

A

Hypothesis can be changed and refines with new data

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11
Q

Reductionism

A

To break a complex process to its simpler parts

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12
Q

Systems Biology

A

Focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts

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13
Q

Scientific Theory

A

Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning

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14
Q

Basic research

A

Intended to extend the boundaries of what we know

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15
Q

Applied research

A

Foundation provided by basic research
Manufacture of goods such as food additives or drugs

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16
Q

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

A

Charles Darwin

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17
Q

All life requires…?

A

Energy

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18
Q

Photosynthetic organisms

A

Transform solar energy into chemical energy as matter (carbohydrates)

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19
Q

Organisms, such as humans, transform

A

Chemical energy into other forms of energy (kinetic) and matter (proteins)

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20
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cells information

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21
Q

Gene

A

Discrete unit of information

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22
Q

Genome

A

Entire set of DNA instructions

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23
Q

The water molecule is a

A

Polar molecule
The opposite ends have opposite charges

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24
Q

Polarity allows water…

A

Molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

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25
Q

Water properties that facilitate an environment for life…

A

Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent

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26
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together

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27
Q

Surface Tension

A

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

Surface tension is related to cohesion

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28
Q

Cohesion helps with…

A

Transport water against gravity in plants

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29
Q

Adhesion

A

An attraction between different substances

Ex. Between water and plant call walls

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30
Q

Water absorbs heat from…

A

Warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air

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31
Q

Water can absorb or release…

A

A large amount of heat with only a slight change in its temperature

32
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion

33
Q

Heat

A

A measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion

34
Q

Temperature

A

Measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules

35
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C

36
Q

“Calories” are

A

Kilocalories

1kcal = 1,000 cal

37
Q

Joule

A

Another unit of energy where
1 J = .239 cal
1 Cal = 4.184 J

38
Q

Specific Heat

A

A substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or last for 1 g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C

39
Q

Water + Heat

A

Water resists changing its temp because of its high specific heat

This can be traced to hydrogen bonding

Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break

Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

40
Q

High specific heat of water

A

minimized temp fluctuations to within limits that permit life

41
Q

Evaporation is

A

Transformation of a substance from liquid gas

42
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Is the heat a liquid mist absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas

43
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

A liquid evaporates and remaining surface cool

44
Q

Evaporative cooling of water helps…

A

Stabilize temps in organisms and bodies of water

45
Q

Ice floats in liquid water because…

A

Hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered” making ice less dense

46
Q

Solution

A

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances

47
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving argent of a solution

48
Q

Solute

A

The substance that is dissolved

49
Q

Aqueous Solution

A

Which water is the solvent

50
Q

Water is a versatile solvent due to…

A

It’s polarity

Allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily

51
Q

Hydration Shell

A

When an ionic compound is dissolved in water
Each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

52
Q

Water can dissolve compounds made of

A

Nonionic polar molecules

53
Q

Hydrophilic

A

An affinity for water

54
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Not have an affinity for water

55
Q

Oil molecules are

A

Hydrophobic because they have relatively nonpolar bonds

56
Q

Colloid

A

A stable suspension of fine particle in a liquid

57
Q

Molecular mass

A

The sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule

58
Q

Molarity

A

The number of moles of sulzte per liter of solution

59
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

Hydrogen atom leaves its election behind and is transferred as a proton

60
Q

Hydronium ion

A

The molecule with the extra proton

61
Q

Hydroxide ion

A

The molecule that lost the proton

62
Q

Water is in a state of Dynamic equailibrium

A

In which water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed

63
Q

Concentrations of H+ and OH- are

A

Equal in pure water

64
Q

PH scale

A

To describe whether a solution is acidic or basic

65
Q

Acid

A

Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

66
Q

Base

A

Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

67
Q

PH of most living cells i s

A

7

68
Q

Buffers

A

Are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

69
Q

Vitalism

A

The belief that some aspect of the universe are essentially beyond measurable nature

70
Q

Scientific Materialism

A

The beef that the universe is explainable through understanding the behavior of what is measurable

71
Q

Dogma

A

Concepts that are “established” according to one particular point of view

72
Q

Inductive generalizations

A

The heart of moving from individuals or examples to more general characteristics of the material world

73
Q

Law

A

An inductive generalization that is supported by a huge number of observations

74
Q

Hypotheses must be

A

Tested and falsifiable

75
Q

Theory

A

The most logical and best supported explanation of an observed phenomenon

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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