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Bio 101 > Unit 3 Slides > Flashcards

Unit 3 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in

A

Plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotes

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2
Q

Primary Productivity

A

Ability of the environment to generate bio mass

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3
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms

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4
Q

Photosynthesis equation (other way around is cellular respiration)

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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5
Q

Chloroplasts split…

A

H2O into hydrogen and oxygen

Incorporating the electrons of hydrogen -> sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

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6
Q

Photosynthesis reverses the direction of…

A

Electron flow compared to respiration

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7
Q

Photosynthesis is what type of reaction

A

Redox reaction

H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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8
Q

Photosynthesis is what type of process

A

Endergonic process

The energy boost is provided by the light

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9
Q

Photosynthesis consists of

A

The light reactions and Calvin Cycle

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10
Q

The light reactions (in the thylakoids)

A

Somit H2O
Release O2
Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation

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11
Q

The Calvin cycle forms… (in the stroma)

A

Sugar from CO2

Using ATP and NADPH

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12
Q

Calvin cycle begins with

A

Carbon fixation

Incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

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13
Q

Chloroplasts thylakoids transform ___ into ___ of ___ and ____

A

Light energy into chemical energy

ATP and NADPH

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14
Q

Light is a form of what type of energy

A

Electromagnetic energy

Also called as electromagnetic radiation

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15
Q

Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in

A

Rhythmic waves

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16
Q

Wavelength determines the type of…

A

Electromagnetic energy

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17
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

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18
Q

Visible Light

A

Consists of wavelengths that produce colors we can see

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19
Q

Pigments are substances that

A

Absorb visible light

Different pigments absorb different wavelengths

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20
Q

Wavelengths that are not absorbed are

A

Reflected or transmitted

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21
Q

Leaves appear green because chlorophyll…

A

Reflects bad transmits green light

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22
Q

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll suggests that

A

Violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis

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23
Q

Chlorophyll a is the ___ ___ pigment

A

Main photosynthetic

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24
Q

When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a

A

Ground state to an excited state

Which is unstable

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25
Q

When excited electrons fall back to the ground state

A

Photons are given off

An afterglow called fluorescence

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26
Q

If chlorophyll is illuminated

A

The isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce

Giving off light and heat

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27
Q

Green reflects…

A

Red

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28
Q

The light-harvesting complexes transfer…

A

The energy of photons to the reaction center

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29
Q

Photosystem I is the best at

A

absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

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30
Q

So;par powered transfer of an electron from chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron accept ion

A

Is the first step of light reactions

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31
Q

The reaction center chlorophyll a of PS II is called

A

P680

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32
Q

The reaction center chlorophyll a of PS I is called

A

P700

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33
Q

Linear electron flow

A

The primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NAHPH using light energy

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34
Q

During light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flow:

A

Cyclic and linear

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35
Q

A photon hits a pigment and its energy is pass amount pigment molecules until it excites

A

P680

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36
Q

An excited electrons for P680 is transferred to

A

the primary electron acceptor

We now call it P680+

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37
Q

P680+ is a very strong

A

Oxidizing agents

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38
Q

H20 is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the

A

hydrogen atoms to P680+, thus reducing it to P680

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39
Q

O2 is released as a

A

by-product of this reaction

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40
Q

Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the

A

Primary electron acceptor of PS II to PS I

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41
Q

Energy released by the

A

Fall drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

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42
Q

Diffusion of H+ protons across the membrane drives

A

ATP synthesis

43
Q

Structure and function of the mito

A

Outer membrane – the outer membrane contains transport proteins that enable the shuttling of pyruvate from the cytosol.
Inner membrane – contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase (used for oxidative phosphorylation)
Crista - is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, providing a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on.
Increase surface area - more electron transport chains for more efficiency

44
Q

In PS I, transferred light energy excites P700, which

A

Loses an electron to an electron acceptor

45
Q

P700+ (that is missing an electron) accepts an

A

electron passed down from PS II via the electron transport chain

46
Q

Why focus on 2 different wavelengths of light

A

Not having to compete or share energy
Efficiency

47
Q

Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the

A

Primary electron acceptor of PS I to the protein ferredoxin (fed)

48
Q

the electrons are transferred to

A

NADP+ and reduced it to NAHPH

49
Q

The electrons of NADPH are available for the reactions of the

A

Calvin cycle

50
Q

This process also removes an H+ from

A

The stroma

51
Q

Cyclic electron flow does not release

A

Oxygen

52
Q

Cyclic electron flow generates surplus ATP

A

satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle

53
Q

Some organisms such as purple sulfur bacteria have PS I but not

A

PS II

54
Q

Cyclic electron flow is thought to have

A

evolved before linear electron flow

55
Q

Cyclic electron flow may protect

A

Cells from light-induced damage

56
Q

The Calvin cycle, like the citric acid cycle, regenerates its stating material after

A

Molecules enter and leave the cycle

57
Q

The cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using

A

ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH

58
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

A

Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named

59
Q

For the net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place ___ times,

A

Three
Fixing 3 molecules of CO2

60
Q

The Calvin cycle has three phases

A

Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)
Reduction
Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

61
Q

Why do we use phosphates

A

Energy storage and transfer
To destabilize bonds. Add more energy.
Disrupt the covalent bonds. Restructure

62
Q

What do we use DNA for?

A

For genetic material and hereditary

63
Q

Anti parallel

A

DNA going in different directions

In order to keep the code in the right direction

64
Q

Why do we need to replicate our DNA?

A

Reproduction, cell division, growth, repair, life

65
Q

Since the two strand of DNA are complementary, each strand acts as a

A

Template for building a new strand in replication

66
Q

In DNA replication, the parent molecule unwinds, and two new daughter stands are built based on

A

Base-pairing rules

67
Q

Copying DNA occurs

A

All day every day, high speed and accuracy

68
Q

Nucleolus

A

DNA for making ribosomes

Ribs do: make proteins

69
Q

More than a dozen enzymes and other proteins participate in

A

DNA replication

70
Q

Replication begins at

A

origins of replication

71
Q

Replication proceeds in both directions from each origin, until

A

The entire molecule is copied

72
Q

At the end of each replication bubble is a

A

Replication fork

73
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

74
Q

Single-strand binding protein

A

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template

75
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

76
Q

Primase function

A

Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end

77
Q

Primase def

A

5-10 nucleotides long, and the 3’ end serves as the starting point for the new DNA strand

78
Q

DNA polymerases

A

500-1000 nucleotides per sec in bacteria
50 per sec in human cells

79
Q

DNA pol III

A

Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

80
Q

DNA pol I

A

Removed RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

81
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA

82
Q

Lagging strand

A

DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork

83
Q

The lagging strand is synthesizes as a series of fragments called

A

Okazaki fragments

84
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Are joined together by DNA ligase

85
Q

The proteins that participate in DNA replication from a

A

Large complex, a “DNA replication machine”

86
Q

The DNA replication machine may be stationary during the

A

Replication process

87
Q

Recent studies support a model in which DNA polymerase molecules

A

“reel in” parental DNA and “extrude” newly made daughter DNA molecules

88
Q

A T T G A C G G T A C C T A T A

A

T A A C T G C C A T G G A T A T

89
Q

Polymerase III, fill in the missing complimentary strand and direction:

5’ - T G G C T A A C G A T T G C - 3’

A

3’ - A C C G A T T G C T A A C G - 5’
<— polymerase III

90
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected

91
Q

Missense mutation

A

A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alter the genetic cods in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid

92
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in a DNA sequence that shifts the way its read. Complete movement That shifts the multiples of three.

regular: cell are read in groups of 3 bases (condones) when making a protein.

93
Q

RNA: Sugar ribose

A

Instead of deoxyribose

94
Q

RNA: Single-stranded

A

Instead of double stranded

95
Q

RNA: Contains uracil

A

In place of thymine

96
Q

RNA contains

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil (not thymine)

97
Q

Comparison of DNA and RNA

A

Sugar:
DNA
Rna
Continue….

98
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carries copies of instructions, for the assembly of amino acids into proteins, from DNA to the ribosome (serve as “messenger”)

Made in the nucleus

99
Q

Three main types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

100
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Makes up the major part of ribosomes, which is where proteins are made

Made in the nucleolus

1 ribosome = 4 molecules of rRNA and 82 proteins

101
Q

Why do we look at sequences of RNA
Why compared?

A

What if there is a mutation in the ribosomes: not going to do a good job making DNA
RNA are very consistent
Any variation are going to be subtle and very impactful on survival
Any difference we can map of evolutionary of time

102
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Transfer (carries) amino acids to ribosomes as specified by codons in the mRNA

103
Q

TRNA have a order and a sequence also read in

A

3’ to 5’
5’ to 3’

Bio 101 (7 decks)

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