Ch 1

Question 1

What are the issues in human development?

Answer 1

nature vs nurture, continuity vs. discontinuity, and universal vs context-specific

Question 2

This is no longer an issue and involves the diathesis stress model

Answer 2

Nature vs Nurture

Question 3

normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantative

Answer 3

continuity

Question 4

implies that such changes are more abrupt and qualitative

Answer 4

discontinuity

Question 5

When discussing what issues do you have to see if the development follows the same general path in all people or if it is fundamentally different, depending on the sociocultural context

Answer 5

Universal vs Context-Specific

Question 6

What did Freud do?

Answer 6

Says that development happens in stages and beliefs that behavior is largely governed by motives and drives that are internal and often unconscious

Question 7

What are the pros of evaluating Psychodynamic perspectives.

Answer 7

The unconscious, the role of internal conflicts, the importance of early childhood expensive, and the use of defense mechanisms

Question 8

What are the cons for evaluating psychodynamic evaluation?

Answer 8

poor testing, inadequate empirical base, and sexist veiws

Question 9

The father of behaviorism

Answer 9

John Watson

Question 10

Who tried to explain Freud’s theory through scientific terms based on classical conditioning?

Answer 10

John Watson

Question 11

comparing pairs of neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus either an unconditioned stimuli that elicits a certain response

Answer 11

classical conditioning

Question 12

What are examples of classical condition?

Answer 12

Watsons little albert, palov, drinking coffee, alcohol, or smoking cigarettes

Question 13

Who created the learning theory?

Answer 13

Skinner

Question 14

applied behavior analysis, examines the effect that consequences have on behavior

Answer 14

Operant conditioning

Question 15

What are the ABCs of the learning theory?

Answer 15

Antecedents
B- targeted behavior
Consequences

Question 16

What is going just prior to the behavior

Answer 16

antecedents

Question 17

what happens as a result of the behavior

Answer 17

consequences

Question 18

What part of the ABCs is the classical conditioning?

Answer 18

Antecedents and the targeted behavior

Question 19

What part of the ABCs is operant conditioning?

Answer 19

Consequences

Question 20

What argue in the social learning theory and what is it called?

Answer 20

He argued that behavior can be learned through observation called vicarious learning

Question 21

What are the parts of the social learning theory?

Answer 21

vicarious learning, social cognition, and self-efficacy

Question 22

how children think about themselves and others, dependent upon experience but is influenced by ones biological predisposition (BOBO doll experiment)

Answer 22

social cognition

Question 23

refers to people’s belief about their own abilities

Answer 23

self-efficacy

Question 24

What are the pros when evaluating behavioral perspectives

Answer 24

its based on rigorous research
insights into effects of learning and environmental factors

Question 25

What are the cons when evaluating behavioral perspectives

Answer 25

over-dependence on animal research fragmented views of personality dehumanizing views

Question 26

Who found the cognitive developmental theory

Answer 26

Piaget

Question 27

What are the explanations of the cognitive developmental theory

Answer 27

children naturally try to make sense of the world and create little "experiments" there re critical points in development where fundamental change occurs strong genetic influence

Question 28

What are the criticisms when evaluating Piaget's theory?

Answer 28

he underestimated children's ability problems with stage theories universality

Question 29

the brain is like a computer, has mental software and hardware, development is continuous as the software improves and the hardware increases

Answer 29

Information-Processing Theory

Question 30

What are the pros of the information processing theory

Answer 30

stressed the view that infants and toddlers are sophisticated cognitive beings very testable and practical

Question 31

What are the cons of information processing

Answer 31

does not capture all of human thought artificial lab environments

Question 32

What is Vygotsky's theory?

Answer 32

children live in rich social and cultural world that affects the way their cognitive world is structured children's thinking does not develop in a vacuum but is greatly influenced by the sociocultural context in which they grow up

Question 33

Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, emphasis is on family and social influences on a child's development, argues that you cannot understand or predict behavior by looking at the individual in isolation, the relationship between family members is what is important, there is a basic family structure and when this is disrupted then behavior problems occur

Answer 33

ecological and family systems theory

Question 34

What are Bronfenbrenner's four levels of environment?

Answer 34

microsystem Mesosystem exosystem macrosystem

Question 35

immediate family

Answer 35

microsystem

Question 36

connected microsystems (family school work)

Answer 36

mesosystem

Question 37

social systems that are not experienced first hand but have an effect on development (government parents social network)

Answer 37

exosystem

Question 38

the overall culture (ethnicity historical events)

Answer 38

macrosystem

Question 39

What are the pros of the ecological systems

Answer 39

rich description of environmental influences suggested many ways to optimize a Childs development

Question 40

What are the cons of the ecological systems?

Answer 40

no real discussion of biological environment` are there any normative development?

Question 41

aging is a lifelong process, no one age is more important than another, ages build upon ones another, there is an early phase and a later phase, the assumption is that you can alter the neural pathways in very young children, one can also find ways to compensate for losses due to ageing

Answer 41

life-span perspective

Question 42

What are the three processes of the SOC model

Answer 42

selection compensation optimization

Question 43

What are the two parts of selection in the SOC Model? What do they mean?

Answer 43

Elective selection- occurs when you reduce as a result of new demands loss-based selection- occurs when losses in resources require you to reduce involvment

Question 44

What part of the SOC model occurs when skills have decreased and you search for an alternative way to accomplish goal

Answer 44

compensation

Question 45

What part of the SOC Model involves minimizing losses and maximizing gains

Answer 45

optimization

Question 46

What is the research process

Answer 46

begins with a hypothesis based on theory choosing or developing measures creating the research design gathering and analyzing design findings and interpretation can then be used to tweak a theory or to develop a new one

Question 47

How do you identify the research sample

Answer 47

carefully define the ample consider possible comorbidities need to be sensitive to the setting and source of the sample random selection is rare in studies of disordered children often studies use samples of convenience

Question 48

What are the methods of measurement

Answer 48

self report structured observation unstructured observations

Question 49

What are the positives and negatives of self report

Answer 49

positives- large amounts of information in brief time and can be structured or unstructured negatives- not reliable for children under 7 and susceptible to distortion or bias

Question 50

What are the positives and negatives of structured observation

Answer 50

positives- more control, can manipulate the variable that you are looking for negatives- not the natural environment, may not be applicable to the real world

Question 51

What are the positives and negatives of unstructured observation

Answer 51

positives- can see natural environment, behavior can be recorded with respect to frequency or duration negatives- reactivity of subject and observer bias

Question 52

General research approaches what

Answer 52

true experiments, correlational studies, natural experiments, retrospective design, and prospective design

Question 53

researchers have maximum control subjects randomly assigned to groups and possible sources of bias are controlled

Answer 53

true experiments

Question 54

allow researchers to examine relationships among variables cannot determine causality

Answer 54

correlational studies

Question 55

comparisons are made between groups that already exist (no random assignment)

Answer 55

natural experiments

Question 56

sample is identified and asked about information from an earlier time

Answer 56

retrospective design

Question 57

sample is identified and followed longitudinally over time (primary flaw is attrition)

Answer 57

prospective design

Question 58

intensive observation and analysis of an individual child

Answer 58

case study

Question 59

repeated assessment over time with subject serving as his/her own control used most often to evaluate clinical treatment

Answer 59

single-case experimental

Question 60

What are the positive and negative parts of the research designs

Answer 60

positives- controlled study that can demonstrate the value or lack of treatment negatives- ethical issues, interaction of subject characteristics and treatment, limited generality

Question 61

What is the different between corelating and causation?

Answer 61

correlated variables are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes causation is actually influencing directly or indirectly the occurrence of an outcome of interest

Question 62

What is a correlation coefficient

Answer 62

a number that describes the degree of association between two variables range is +1.00 to -1.00 the size of the correlation indicates the strength

Question 63

groups of people at different ages studied at same point in time

Answer 63

cross-sectional studies

Question 64

What are the positives and negatives of cross-sectional studies

Answer 64

positives- overcomes attrition and practice effects negatives- no inferences about change in the individual and susceptible to cohort effects

Question 65

same children studied at different ages and stages of time

Answer 65

longitudinal

Question 66

What are the positives and negatives of longitudinal

Answer 66

positives- track individual changes over time, inferences of causality can be made negatives- attrition, aging effects, practice effects, theory may change

Question 67

What are the research designs

Answer 67

cross-sectional studies and longitudinal

Question 68

What are the ethical issues

Answer 68

informed consent and assent, voluntary participation, confidentiality and anonymity, and no harmful procedures