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Ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

adolescence

A

period of life between the time puberty starts and the time adulthood is approached, where youth are preparing to take on roles and responsibilities of adulthood in culture

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2
Q

adolescence in ancient Greece

A

Plato and Aristotle saw adolescence as a distinct stage (14-21 yrs.)

-reasoning develops and ‘serious’ education may begin
–childhood is for sports and music, leaving math and science for adolescence

-impulse control is task of adolescence and mastered by end of adolescence

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3
Q

“Children’s Crusade”

A

teenagers set out from Germany towards the Mediterranean coast, believing the sea would part for them like the Red Sea, and they could appeal to Muslims in Jerusalem where adult crusades failed

-“Innocence of Youth” that was supposed to be so valuable in this mission made them a target

-many robbed, raped or kidnapped, and those survived were sold as slaves

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4
Q

adolescence 1500-1890

A

18th-19th cent.: U.S. saw life-cycle service fading for adolescent moves to cities to participate in industrial work, away from ties to family or community

-rise in social problems (crime, premarital sex, alcohol use) prompted new institutions of social support and control

–religious associations, literary societies, YMCAs to help adults interact with and monitor youth

–worked to reduce social problems

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5
Q

life-cycle service

A

1500s Europe: domestic service, farm work, or
apprenticeships that adolescents undertook.

-move away from home into the home of a ‘master’ to learn from (avg period of 7 years)

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6
Q

3 factors leading to age of adolescence (late 1800s)

A
  1. Industrial Revolution
    -children aged 10-13 were being
    exploited for labor in mines and factories

-12 hour days for 35 cents a day, leading to child labor laws and restrictions

  1. Secondary school
    -became required creating demarcation between adolescence as a time of continued education and adulthood as beginning when education ends.
  2. adolescence established as field of scholarly study
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7
Q

culture

A

pattern of group’s distinctive way of life, including customs, art, technologies and beliefs

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8
Q

society

A

group who interacts in course of sharing a common geographical area

-may include various cultures with different customs, religions, traditions, and economic practices

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9
Q

the West

A

cultural group of nations

-U.S., Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

-characterized by stable democracies, secularism, consumerism and individualism

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10
Q

traditional culture

A

adheres to long-established beliefs and practices

-usually not economically developed

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11
Q

developed countries

A

economic classification that includes wealthy countries of the world, comprising about 18% of world population

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12
Q

developing countries

A

economic classification that includes the less-wealthy countries of the world

-in process of economic development, 82% of world population

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13
Q

American majority culture

A

cultural sector of American society

-mostly White, that has the most economic and political power and sets most of the norms and standards

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14
Q

socioeconomic status (SES)

A

classification of social class and economic status, including educational attainment and occupational status

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15
Q

young people

A

term that includes adolescents as well as emerging adults, across 10-25

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16
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first textbook on adolescence published in 1904

-promoted recapitulation (theory that each individual reenacts evolutionary history in development – a refuted theory)

-made accurate observations about biological development and mood.

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17
Q

Lamarckian

A

reference to Lamarck’s ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

-evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience

-organisms pass their characteristics from one generation to the next in form of memories and acquired characteristics

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18
Q

storm and stress

A

theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions

-conflict w/ parents, and antisocial behavior (crime, substance abuse)

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19
Q

survey

A

questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior

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20
Q

random sample

A

sampling technique in which people are selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly

-that no one in population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else

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21
Q

stratified sampling

A

sampling technique in which researchers select participants

-various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population

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22
Q

shifts in timing of adolescence

A

initially “young people” as time between 10 and 21

-Hall: 14-24

-now: 10-18

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23
Q

2 reasons for shift

A
  1. Earlier puberty (by 2 years since 1900) shifted biological adolescence earlier.
  2. Growth of secondary school (high school) attendance as normative experience ending around age 18 has created what we think of as the ending of adolescence.

-led to Emerging Adulthood (ages 18-25)

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24
Q

menarche

A

girl’s first period

-avg 15 -> 12.5

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25
5 characteristics of emerging adulthood
-IISFP 1. Identity explorations 2. Instability 3. Self-focus 4. Feeling in-between 5.Possibilities/Optimism
26
identity explorations
explore possibilities in love and work. while moving towards enduring choices -understanding who they are, beliefs and values, abilities and limitations, -how they fit into society and social structures
27
instability
changes and explorations can lead to instability (in living situation, relationships, work/school, activities, etc).
28
self-focus
most American youth move out around 18 or 19 and don’t get married or have a child until late 20s. --time in between is characterized by independence --typically falls after reliance on parents and before long term commitments in love and work -build knowledge, skills, self-understanding to help functioning and decision making on their way towards incorporating their lives into new families, social groups, work endeavors, and societal organizations
29
feeling in-between
are you an adult? ‘yes and no’ is the most frequent answer
30
possibilities/optimism
hopes and expectations are high -in part because few dreams have been tested or achieved, so they all can exist in the reality of the future -if childhood and adolescence has been characterized by strife, things are more under their control to free themselves from troubled origins.
31
early adolescence
10-14
32
late adolescence
15-18
33
3 markers of adulthood most common across cultures
1. accepting responsibility for oneself 2. making independent decisions 3. becoming financially independent
34
individualism
cultural belief system that emphasizes desirability of independence, self-sufficency, and self-expression
35
collectivism
beliefs asserting that it's important for people to mute their individual desires to contribute to the well-being and success of the group -values of duty and obligations to others
36
interdependence
web of commitments, attachments and obligations in some groups
37
scientific method
systematic way of finding answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure and measures
38
5 steps of scientific method
1) question 2) hypothesis -ideas, based on theory or past research, that a researcher wishes to test in a scientific study 3) method and design -plan for when and how to collect data for study 4) data -statistical analyses and qualitative material 5) conclusions
39
sample
people in a study intended to represent population of interest
40
population
entire group of people of interest in a study
41
representative
characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest
42
generalizable
findings from sample will make it possible to draw conclusions about not just the sample itself, but the larger population of people that the sample is intended to represent
43
procedure
standards for the way a study is conducted -informed consent and rules for avoiding biases in the data collection
44
introduction
summarizes past research and presents reasons for study and hypotheses
45
discussion
interpretation of results
46
peer reviewed
scholarly article or book evaluated by scholar's peers for scientific credibility and importance
47
theory
framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research
48
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
people who have a background that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows ethical guidelines
49
requirements of IRB
1) protection from physical and mental harm 2) informed consent -procedure in social scientific studies that informs participants of what their participation would involve, including risks 3) confidentiality 4) deception and debriefing
50
questionnaire
open-ended or close-question -most common type of psychological research pros: big sample, quick data collection cons: preset responses, no depth
51
closed-question
questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question -possible to collect and analyze responses from a large number of people in a short time -responses not in-depth
52
open-ended question
questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question
53
interview
research method that involves asking people questions in a conversation, such that answers are in their own words pros: individuality, complexity cons: time and effort of coding
54
observations
similar to interviews but with behavior rather than conversation or self-reports of behavior -can be in lab or naturalistic but require coding pros: actual behavior, not self-report cons: may affect behavior
55
qualitative
data collected in nonnumerical form, usually in interviews or observations
56
quantitative
data collected in numerical form on questionnaires
57
ethnographic research
scholars spend time among people they wish to study, living among them pros: entire span of daily life cons: researcher must live among participants; possible bias
58
ethnography
book that presents an anthopologist's observations of what life is like in a particular culture -allows researcher to learn how people behave in their daily life -requires time, commitment, and sacrifice -relationship bias
59
case study
research method that entails detailed examination of the life of a person or small number of persons -detailed and rich and hard to generalize
60
biological measurements
complement questionnaires and involve measuring hormone levels, size, heart rate, brain imaging pros: precise data cons: expensive; relation to behavior may not be clear
61
experimental research method
assign participants randomly to experimental group that received a treatment and control group that did not receive the treatment, then comparing 2 groups in a posttest pros: control, identification of cause and effect pros: may not reflect real life
62
independent variable
variable that's different for experimental group than for control group
63
dependent variable
outcome measured to evaluate results of experiment
64
interventions
programs intended to change attitudes or behavior of participants
65
natural experiments
situation that occurs naturally but provide interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer -allow insight into relation between genes and the enviro. -hard to generalize, unusual, rare
66
identical or monozygotic (MZ) twins
twins with same genotype
67
fraternal or dizygotic (DZ) twins
twins with half of genotype in common
68
reliability
characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one. occasion are similar to results on another
69
validity
truthfulness of a measure, the extent to which measures what it claims to measure
70
cross-sectional research
research method in which data are collected on a sample of people on one occasion then examined for potential relations between variables, based on hypothesis -quick and cheap but yields a correlation that can be difficult to interpret
71
correlation
statistical relationship between 2 variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other
72
correlation vs causation
predictable relationship between 2 variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other
73
longitudinal studies
data are collected from participants on more than one occasion pros: monitors change over time cons: time, expense, attrition
74
cross-sectional
easier to perform, does not require tracking people over time (less attrition) but not as meaningful and harder to show causation
75
attrition
drop out of longitudinal study
76
patriarchal authority
cultural belief in absolute authority of father over wife and children
77
filial piety
Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father
78
caste system
Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life -caste determines status in Indian society
79
globalization
increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, making various parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally
80
bicultural
having an identity that includes aspects of 2 different cultures
81
context
enviro. settings to which development takes places
82
resilience
overcoming adverse enviro. circumstances to achieve healthy development

Adolescence (12 decks)

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