Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Adolescence > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

cognitive development

A

changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Jean Piaget

A

influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for theories of cognitive and moral development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cognitive stage theory

A

period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way through assimilation and accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mental structure

A

organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cognitive-developmental approach

A

approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

maturation

A

process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

schemes

A

structure for organizing and interpreting informatiom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

assimilation

A

new information encountered in world is altered to fit an existing way of thinking (mental scheme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

accommodation

A

way of thinking or scheme changed to adapt to accumulation of new information incongruent w/ previous scheme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

preoperational stage

A

cognitive stage from ages 2-7 in which the child becomes capable of representing world symbolically

-limited in ability to use mental operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mental operations

A

cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

concrete operations

A

cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children born to use mental operations are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

formal operations

A

cognitive stage from age 11 up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pendulum task

A

Piaget’s classic test of formal operations in which people are asked to figure out what determines the speed of the ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

abstract thinking

A

thinking in terms of symbols, ideas and concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

metacognition

A

capacity for “thinking about thinking” that allows adolescents and adults to reason about thought processes and monitor them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

complex thinking

A

thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire and sarcasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

metaphor

A

non-literal meanings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 categories of Piaget’s limitations

A

1) individual differences
2) cultural basis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

individual differences

A

research approach that focuses on how individuals differ within a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Labouvie-Vief’s postformal thinking

A

beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as in the use of pragmatism and reflective judgement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pragmatism

A

adapting logical thinking to practical constraints of real-life situations

-social and situational factors must be taken into account to solve life’s problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dialectical thought

A

subconcept of pragmatism that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems don’t have a single solution

-problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
reflective judgement
capacity to evaluate accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments
26
dualistic thinking
tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black and white terms
27
multiple thinking
approach entailing recognition that there's more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one
28
relativism
ability to recognize legitimacy of competing point of view but also compare relative merits of competing view
29
commitment
status in which people commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating views if new evidence is presented to them
30
information processing approach
understanding cognition that seeks to delineate steps involved in thinking process and how each step is connected to the next -attention, processing, memory
31
discontinuous
view of development as taking place in stages that're distinct from one another rather than one gradual, continuous process
32
continuous
view of development as gradual, steady process rather than taking place in distinct stages
33
componential apporoach
breaking down thinking process into components
34
selective attention
ability to focus on relevant info while screening out irrelevant info
35
divided attention
ability to focus on 1+ task at once -increases with age but inferior to selective attention
36
short-term memory
memory for information that's the current focus of attention -retained for 30 seconds, levels out at 16 yrs.
37
long-term memory
memory for information that's committed to longer-term storage -can be drawn upon after a period when attention hasn't been focused on it -improvements are related to mnemonic devices --organization and strategies related to metacognitive advances
38
working memory
aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as its comprehended and analyzed
39
ability to process information improves in areas of?
1) processing speed 2) automaticity 3) executive function
40
automaticity
degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing given a set of information
41
executive functioning
ability to control and manage one's cognitive processes
42
reductionism
breaking up phenomenon into separate parts to an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost
43
2 research areas on practical cognition in adolescence and emerging adulthood
1) critical thinking 2) decision making
44
critical thinking
involves not merely memorizing info but analyzing it -making judgements about what it means -relating it to other information -considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid
45
Daniel Keating's 3 reasons that critical thinking increases in adolescence and adulthood
1) wider knowledge range in long-term memory 2) working memory increases -makes it possible to consider more ideas at once 3) metacognition increases enabling monitoring of one's own comprehension
46
organizational core
term applied to cognitive development -meaning cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic
47
social cognition
how people think about others, social relationships, and social institutions
48
2 aspects of social cognition
1) perspective taking 2) adolescent egocentrism
49
perspective taking
ability to understand thoughts and feelings of others
50
Robert Selman
important early theorist on perspective taking -analyzed interviews w/ children and adolescents about hypothetical situations -concluded that adolescents understand that others may have a different view than theirs -learning about other perspectives can increase understanding of an issue
51
mutual perspective taking
stage of perspective taking in early adolescence in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions w/ others are mutual -each side realizes that the other can take their perspective
52
social and conventional system perspective taking
realizing that social perspectives of the self and others are influenced not just by their interaction w/ each other but by roles in larger society
53
prosocial
promoting the well-being of others
54
theory of mind
ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others, including beliefs, thoughts and feelings
55
adolescent egocentrism
type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others
56
2 aspects of adolescent egocentrism
1) imaginary audience 2) personal fable
57
imaginary audience
belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one's appearance and behavior
58
personal fable
belief in one's personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks
59
optimistic bias
tendency to assume that accidents, diseases and misfortunes are likely to happen to other people than to one's self
60
psychometric approach
attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests
61
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)
intelligence test for children 6-16 with 6 Verbal and 5 Performance subtests
62
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WAIS-V)
intelligence test for people ages 16+, with six Verbal and 5 Performance subtests
63
intelligence quotient (IQ)
measure of a person's intellectual abilities based on a standardized test
64
age norms
technique for developing a psychological test -typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds
65
median
in a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below
66
relative performance
in IQ test score, compared to those of other people of the same age
67
absolute performance
in IQ tests, score compared to those of other people, regardless of age
68
fluid intelligence
mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information -peaks in emerging adulthood and declines
69
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgement based on experience -improve past 20's
70
adoption
adopted children have IQ scores that correlate better with adoptive parents than their biological parents -correlation decreases in adolescence -birth parents aren't as in control of environments they contact -environmental effects on IQ still primary but are directed by genetics of individual, rather than family
71
transracial adoption
adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race
72
Vygotsky
Russian psychologist who emphasized cultural basis of cognitive development
73
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
cognitive development is a social and cultural process
74
2 of Vygotsky's most influential ideas
1) zone of proximal development 2) scaffolding
75
zone of proximal development
gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adult or more competent peer
76
scaffolding
degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development -gradually decreases as learner's skills develops
77
guided participation
teaching interaction between 2 people (often a adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity
78
cultural psychology
approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning can't be separated from the culture in which it takes places
79
theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory that there are 8 types of intelligence
80
fMRI
technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity
81
synapses
point of transmission between 2 nerve cells
82
neurons
cells of the nervous system, including the brain
83
overproduction of exuberance
rapid increase in production of synaptic connections in the brain
84
frontal lobes
part of brain immediately behind forehead -known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems
85
synaptic pruning
following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain is reduced -making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible -between ages 12-20, loss of 10% of brain's gray matter -too rapid synaptic pruning may heighten sensitivity to stress, making an individual more vulnerable to stress-related psychological issues like anxiety
86
myelination
process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows -myelin serves the function of keeping the brain's electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed
87
cerebellum
structure in lower brain,
88
gray matter
outermost layer of the brain, composed mainly of the bodies of neurons and unmyleinated axons -rapid pruning may be connected to the development of schizophrenia, anxiety and depression
89
white matter
part of the brain that consists of myleinated axons -decreases at 40+
90
prefrontal cortex
foremost part of the frontal lobe, involved in distinctively human functions such as planning and reasoning
91
aging effects on cognition
-decline in divided attention, adults 65+ report decline in memory abilities --most express concern, associating it with illness, loss of independence and mortality -decline in working memory, accounted for by declines in processing speed and attentional resources -
92
semantic memory
memory of facts, vocabulary and concepts -increases through middle age and declines slightly late in life
93
episodic memory
recall of events, more affected by age, showing decline after 60
94
implicit memory
memory for skills, doesn't decline much with age
95
factors that accelerate changes in cognition in older adults
chronic disease, medication, vision and hearing losses
96
cognitive assistance forms
computers and phones help seniors make and keep social connections -games in a social setting encouraging physical or cognitive exercise

Adolescence (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions