Ch. 1

Question 1

what’s an isotope

Answer 1

atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

Question 2

what happens to the chemical properties of diff isotopes

Answer 2

NOTHING cuz they have the same electron configuration except mass and density

Question 3

what 2 elements don’t follow the 4s before 3d rule in electron configuration

Answer 3

Chromium and copper it make them more stable

Question 4

what are the factors effecting ionisation energy

Answer 4

nuclear charge — the more protons that there is in the nucleus the stronger the attraction for electrons

distance from nucleus — the bigger the distance the less attracted it is

shielding — the more shielding equals to less attraction

Question 5

what happens to the first ionisation energy across the period

Answer 5

it increases
cuz there’s more protons so stronger nuclear attraction
a little extra shielding but not that much

Question 6

what happens to first ionisation energy down a group

Answer 6

it decreases
more shielding so outer electrons further away from nucleus therefore less attraction

Question 7

what does relative atomic mass mean

Answer 7

the average mass of an atom of an element and compared to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12

Question 8

what is what is the process of electron spray ionisation

Answer 8

sample is dissolved in water then is injected at a high voltage causing the particles to gain an H+ ion

Question 9

why is percentage yield never 100%

Answer 9

some chemicals could be lost

or side reactions

or reactants haven’t reacted fully

Question 10

why do company’s use high atom economies

Answer 10

better for environment as they produce less waste

make a more efficient use of raw materials so they’re more SUSTAINABLE

they’re less expensive as they spend less on separating desired products from waste products

Question 11

what would rinsing the burette before pouring NAOH do

Answer 11

increase the titre as the NaOH is diluted

Question 12

what are the charges for
sulphate, hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, and ammonium

Answer 12

sulphate — SO4^2-

Hydroxide — OH-

Nitrate — NO3-

Carbonate — CO3^2-

Ammonium — NH4+

Question 13

what are ionic crystals

Answer 13

they’re giant lattices of ions

ex. Na+—Cl-

Question 14

what are ionic compounds behaviours

Answer 14

1. they conduct electricity when they’re molten or dissolved — but not in solid form
   ions are free to move so they carry a charge
2. have high melting points — giant ionic lattices held together by strong electrostatic forces
3. they dissolve in water
   water molecules are polar so they charged parts pull ions away from lattice causing it to dissolve