Ch 1

Question 1

All proteins in a cell are made by the same 20 different ______?

Answer 1

amino acids

Question 2

what is the observable characteristic that best distinguishes archaea from bacteria.

Answer 2

archaea is found in harsh environments

Question 3

The __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 3

nuclear membrane/envelope

Question 4

where are chlorophyll molecules located in chloroplast

Answer 4

thylakoid membrane

Question 5

role of the lysosome?

Answer 5

clean up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
disposes of unwanted molecules/digestion

Question 6

Peroxisomes

Answer 6

small, membrane-bound organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out biochemical reactions that generate and remove harmful, highly reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.

Question 7

Microtubules __________ (do this) and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

Answer 7

rapidly reorganize

Question 8

how much bigger are eukaryotic cells than prokaryotic

Answer 8

10x longer, 1000x more volume

Question 9

T/F The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed compartments through which materials destined for secretion must pass.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Cells can create copies of themselves by

Answer 10

growing and dividing

Question 11

central dogma

Answer 11

DNA is replicated, DNA transcribed to RNA translated to amino acids

Question 12

Bacteria

Answer 12

greatest diversity, commensurate with
their ability to colonize nearly every ecological
niche on the planet

Question 13

Archaea

Answer 13

prokaryote (different cell wall
structure than bacteria)

*Lack peptidoglycan in the cell wall

• Circular DNA in a single chromosome, but with multiple origins of
  replication

Question 14

Eukaryotes

Answer 14

Eukaryotes form a remarkably
small slice of overall global diversity]
given their close kinship with archaea, some
scientists have proposed combining eukaryotes
and archaea into a single domain

Question 15

Asgard archaea

Answer 15

ectosymbionts found on cell, all eukaryotes trace back to them

Question 16

Beggiatoa chemosynthesis

Answer 16

a bacterium that oxidizes H2S to produce sulfur and fix carbon in the dark

Question 17

Mitochondria generate usable energy from

Answer 17

food molecules

Question 18

chloroplasts capture energy from

Answer 18

sunlight

Question 19

Endosymbiont theory

Answer 19

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to originate from the endocytosis of a free-living prokaryote by an anaerobic ancestral eukaryote

*they have their own DNA
*double membrane
*structurally similar to prokaryote ribosomes
*replicate independently

Question 20

Rough ER

Answer 20

*major site of protein synthesis
*continuous with nuclear envelope receiving mRNA

Question 21

Smooth ER

Answer 21

*no ribosomes
*lipid synthesis

Question 22

Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

takes molecules made from ER and packages them in vesicles for exocytosis

Question 23

Cytosol

Answer 23

concentrated aqueous gel of large/small molecules
*more of water-based gel than liquid

Question 24

why is comparing genome sequences important

Answer 24

reveals life’s common heritage

Question 25

what is a way to study humans ethically?

Answer 25

tissue cultures

Question 26

what is the purpose of model organism

Answer 26

easier to cultivate in a lab and experiment on

Question 27

Actin

Answer 27

large numbers inside muscle cells, where they serve as a central part of the machinery responsible for muscle contraction.

Question 28

Microtubules

Answer 28

thickest part of cytoskeleton, hollow tubes that pull apart chromosomes

Question 29

Intermediate filaments

Answer 29

structural support and anchoring organelles

Question 30

how big are plant and animal cells?`

Answer 30

5-20 um (micrometre) in diameter