Test 2 Ch 14

Question 1

Proton Motive Force

Answer 1

combined effect of PH gradient and membrane potential across membranes that drives H+ into matrix through ATP synthase

Question 2

Ubiquinone

Answer 2

mobile electron carrier in inner membrane, transfers electrons between complexes in ETC

Question 3

Carbon Fixation

Answer 3

CO2 made into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH generated by light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 4

Photosystems

Answer 4

proteins in chloroplast thylakoid membrane that capture light energy + convert to chemical energy

Question 5

Redox potential

Answer 5

measure of a molecules affinity for electrons

flow spontaneously from carriers with low potential to those with high potential

Question 6

Chemiosmotic coupling

Answer 6

energy from ETC used to create a proton gradient which drives ATP synthesis

Question 7

Brown Fat

Answer 7

Specialized tissue that primarily generates heat instead of ATP

Question 8

Grana

Answer 8

stacked structures in chloroplast where light dependent reactions occur

Question 9

Reactive Oxygen Species

Answer 9

byproducts of ETC, can damage cellular components.
Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals

Question 10

Plastocyanin

Answer 10

protein that is an electron carrier between cytochrome b6-f complex and photosystem 1

Question 11

cytochrome c

Answer 11

small electron carrier that transfers electrons from complexes

Question 12

Starch

Answer 12

composed of amylose and amylopectine serving as plant energy storage

Question 13

Light dependent reactions

Answer 13

first step of photosynthesis
light energy captured by chlorophyll + converted to chemical energy in form of ATP and NADPH
Oxygen byproduct

Question 14

Cytochrome b6-f Complex

Answer 14

protein complex in thylakoid that acts as a proton pump between photosystem II and I

Contributes to proton gradient used for ATP synthesis

Question 15

ADP/ATP ratio

Answer 15

high adp stimulates oxidative phosphorylation
low adp slows it down

Maintains high ATP/ADP ratio

Question 16

Light indepedent reactions

Answer 16

energy from ATP and NADPH from first step used to fix CO2 to carbohydrates

Question 17

Water-splitting complex

Answer 17

generates 4 electrons from water in photosystem 2 releases O2 as product

Question 18

Uncoupling agents

Answer 18

H+ carriers that make the inner membrane permeable, method to shutoff ATP production

Question 19

Chlorophyll

Answer 19

green pigment in chloroplasts that absorb light energy in blue/red wavelengths

430-660nm

contains porphyrin ring and hydrophobic tail

Question 20

Acetyl-CoA formation

Answer 20

removal of CO2 from pyruvate and adding coenzyme A

Question 21

Photosystem I

Answer 21

uses light to further energize electrons received from Photosystem II, produces NADPH

Question 22

F1 ATPase

Answer 22

stationary head portion of ATP synthase the contains the catalytic sites for ATP synthesis from ADP and P

Question 23

Antenna Complex

Answer 23

captures light energy and transfers it to reaction center in photosystems

Question 24

Coupled transport

Answer 24

movement of molecules driven by electrochemical gradient

Question 25

Membrane Potential

Answer 25

electrical charge difference across inner mitochondrial membrane created by separation of protons

Question 26

Peripheral Stalk

Answer 26

secures head of ATP synthase to inner membrane

Question 27

Stroma

Answer 27

fluid filled spaces in chloroplasts calvin cycle and carbonx fixation take place here

Question 28

pH gradient

Answer 28

difference in proton concentration between matrix and IMS, contributing to proton-motive force

Question 29

FO complex

Answer 29

membrane portion of ATP synthase that has proton channel and rotates when protons flow through it

Question 30

NADH dehydrogenase

Answer 30

first complex of ETC that accepts electrons from NADH and transfers them to ubiquinone while pumping protons

Question 31

Antiport process

Answer 31

transport mechanism with 2 molecules move in opposite directions

Question 32

Heme group

Answer 32

iron containing pophyrin ring structure found in cytochromes that serve as electron carrier

Question 33

Respiratory Enzyme Complexes

Answer 33

3 large protein assemblies in Inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons during oxidative phosphorylation

Question 34

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Answer 34

final complex of ETC that catalyzes reduction of oxygen to water while pumping protons across membrane

Question 35

Conformational Change Mechanism

Answer 35

process where electron transport causes structural alterations to change proton affinity. Allowing protons to change location

Question 36

Plastoquinone

Answer 36

electron carrier from photosystem II to cytochrome b6-f complex