Ch 1

Question 1

why study comparative a&p (3)

Answer 1

1. understanding the function in one species can be transferable to other species
2. helps to understand human state of health and disease
3. animal models are used to study human diseases

Question 2

what are the 4 unifying themes of physiology

Answer 2

1. physiology is integrative
2. physiology must obey physical and chemical laws
3. physiology is shaped by evolution
4. physiological processes are regulated

Question 3

describe the theme of highly integrative

Answer 3

there are interactions across many levels of organization, which can each affect overall function
ex. cells/organs/tissues

Question 4

give 2 examples of the theme of highly integrative

Answer 4

predator vs prey:
= prey relies on muscles to help escape / cellular organization helps them to flee
(affects organisms as life or death)

salmon:
= go from fresh to saltwater (affects how they function) & must swim upstream to do so and return home
- this uses lots of energy & muscles
- travel further = less eggs
(affects organisms fitness!!!!)

Question 5

describe the theme of obeying chem and physics (4 things used in physiology)

Answer 5

1. diffusion
2. electrical potential energy
3. temperature
4. flow rate & viscosity

Question 6

describe diffusion in unifying theme of obeying chem & physics + example

Answer 6

= substances move down gradient (usually bilayer)
- affected by magnitude, solubility/size/weight of solute

ex. pulmonary/ systemic capillary beds

Question 7

describe electrical potential energy in unifying theme of obeying chem & physics + where its used

Answer 7

= potential energy is stored energy (used to do work)

-used in communication across cells & systems

Question 8

what is the currency of physiology

Answer 8

electric potentials

Question 9

describe temperature in unifying theme of obeying chem & physics

Answer 9

= rate of reaction increases with temp as increases amount of collisions

Question 10

describe flow rate and viscosity in unifying theme of obeying chem & physics

Answer 10

= used in circulation, respiration

• blood has different flow rates depending on veins, aorta, arteries etc
• more plasma in blood = higher viscosity

Question 11

describe aorta & fingernails

Answer 11

aorta
- high in collagen (allows to be flexible & withstand high pressure)

fingernails
- high in keratin (for stiffness/ strength)

Question 12

describe mechanism/origin in unifying theme of physiology is shaped by evolution

Answer 12

mechanism
- form (anatomy) & function (physiology)

origin
- how did a mechanism evolve
- key process is natural selection

Question 13

2 example of form + function & evolution

Answer 13

1. herbivore vs carnivore
   herb - lots of fiber, hard to digest, takes longer
   carn- meat, softer plants, shorter time to digest
   (evolved to have different stomach/intestine organ systems to accommodate)
2. giraffe
   - long neck affects function
   (adapted maybe for less competition, better resources)

Question 14

how would an evolutionary physiologist think different from a medical physiologist in terms of adaptation

Answer 14

evolutionary- thinks of natural selection / evolution

medical - adaptation is like remodelling / change in muscles from working out

Question 15

describe conformers vs regulators in unifying theme of physiology are regulated
+ examples

Answer 15

conformers - internal conditions change in response to change in external enviro
* costs less energy
ex:
-amphibians & fish

regulators - maintain constant internal enviro despite changes in external conditions
* costs more energy
(flat line on graph)
ex:
- mammals & birds

Question 16

what homeostasis

Answer 16

maintenance of internal environment to ensure proper function (stable)
ex. shivering

Question 17

does homeostasis mean there are no changes

Answer 17

NO
change to maintain

Question 18

claude bernard

Answer 18

milieu interieur
- consistency of extracellular fluid is necessary!!

Question 19

can an animal mix conformity and regulation? and example

Answer 19

YES depending on enviro conditions
ex. salmon
-conform to temp
-regulation in chloride

Question 20

what does the liver do

Answer 20

wants to maintain a constant blood glucose level

Question 21

walter bradford cannon

Answer 21

expanded on “milieu interieur” and developed concept of homeostasis

Question 22

homeostasis is maintained via a combination of _____

Answer 22

combo of feedback loops !

Question 23

_____ have a higher degree of homeostasis compared to other animals

Answer 23

mammals

Question 24

describe negative vs positive feedback

Answer 24

negative - reverses a change in controlled variable (aka stimulus) !
(most in body are controlled this way)
ex. lower blood pressure

positive - strengthens or reinforces a change in controlled variable !
( generates an explosive response)
ex. birthing, blood clotting

Question 25

what are the 3 changes in physiology that are in response to changes in the external enviro

Answer 25

1. acute changes - short term phenotypic change *reversible 2. chronic changes - long term phenotypic change *reversible 3.evolutionary changes - genotypic change over generations

Question 26

what are the 2 changes in physiology that occur whether or not there is any external enviro change

Answer 26

4. developmental change - happens as an animal matures throughout life 5. changes controlled by internal biological clocks - occurs in repeating patterns under control by internal clock

Question 27

what is scaling and the 2 types

Answer 27

relationship between anatomy and body size - isometric = anatomy change in direct proportion to body size - allometric = anatomy change disproportionately to body size

Question 28

what is a microclimate and it’s importance

Answer 28

the enviro an animal occupies *important as temperature affects survival/ diversity - must have a climate can survive in examples: - less O2 high up on land - less O2 deep in ocean - in hot enviro underground is cooler - in cold enviro underground is warmer (below snow)

Question 29

adaptation vs natural selection

Answer 29

adaptation - characteristic that changes in response to enviro (physical or behavioural traits) natural selection - process that causes that characteristic to evolve (mechanism of evolution)