ch 1-2 Flashcards
1
Q
refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ
A
anterior (ventral)
2
Q
refers to back part of the body or organ
A
posterior (dorsal)
3
Q
superior surface of the foot is referred to as the __ surface
A
dorsal
4
Q
refers to parts away from the head of the body
A
caudad
5
Q
refers to parts toward the head of the body
A
cephalad
6
Q
refers to nearer the feet or situated below
A
inferior
7
Q
refers to nearer the head or situated above
A
superior
8
Q
refers to middle area or main part of an organ
A
central
9
Q
refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
A
peripheral
10
Q
refers to part or parts on other side of the body
A
contralateral
11
Q
refers to part or parts on the same side of the body
A
ipsilateral
12
Q
refers to parts away from median plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
A
lateral
13
Q
refers to parts toward median plane of body or toward the middle of another plane
A
medial
14
Q
refers to parts far from the surface
A
deep
15
Q
refers to parts near skin or surface
A
superficial
16
Q
refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from the center of the body
A
distal
17
Q
refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward the center of the body
A
proximal
18
Q
refers to parts outside an organ or on outside of body
A
external
19
Q
refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
A
internal
20
Q
refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
A
parietal
21
Q
refers to the covering of an organ
A
visceral
22
Q
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back of posterior surface of the hand
A
dorsum
23
Q
refers to the palm of the hand
A
palmar
24
Q
refers to the sole of the foot
A
plantar
25
structures that are less dense and permit the xray beam to pass through them
radiolucent
26
cannot be penetrated easily by xrays
radiopaque
27
composed of striated muscular tissue and are controlled by the central nervous system.
voluntary muscles
28
the visceral (organ) muscles are composed of smooth tissue and are controlled partially by the autonomic nervous system
involuntary muscles
29
distance between the object and the image receptor
object to image receptor (OID)
30
the greater the OID, the greater the
magnification
31
distance between the xray tube and the image receptor
source to image receptor (SID)
32
the greater the SID the less
magnification
33
cleft or deep groove
fissure
34
hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
foramen
35
pit, fovea, or hollow space
fossa
36
shallow linear channel
groove
37
tube-like passageway running within a bone
meatus
38
indentation into border of a bone
notch
39
recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space
sinus
40
furrow, trench, or fissure-like depression
sulcus
41
device that receives the energy of the xray beam and forms the image of the body part
image receptor
42
3 general image receptor positions
longitudinal, horizontal, corner to corner
43
the part being examined is typically centered to the center point of the
image receptor
44
___ placement is most often used
longitudinal
45
central or prime beam of rays
central ray
46
typically centered to the IR unless displacement is being utilized
central ray
47
distance from the anode inside the xray tube to the IR
source-to-image receptor distance
48
ability to visualize small structures
spacial resolution
49
longer SID ___ ___ and increases spatial resolution
reduces magnification
50
distance between the xray tube and the skin of the patient
source-to-skin distance (SSD)
51
restriction of the xray beam
collimation
52
purposes of collimation
reduces scatter radiation and minimizes amount of radiation to patient
53
collimation is __ exposure, shuttering is __ exposure
pre, post
54
"cropping"
shuttering
55
images are usually oriented referring to the patients ___ __
anatomic position
56
exceptions to anatomic position
digits, hands, forearms, and feet
57
images should be placed the the same direction as the patients position
lateral radiographs
58
images should be placed referring the patients anatomic position for __ radiographs
oblique
59
structure of the body
anatomy
60
study of the function of the bodys organs
physiology
61
study of the body relating to the bones
osteology
62
what is important in positioning
body planes
63
what are the 4 body planes
sagittal, coronal,horizontal, oblique
64
body plane that divides the body into right and left portions
sagittal
65
body plane that divides the right and left body planes in equal portions
midsagittal
66
body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portion
coronal
67
body plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
horizontal
68
body plane that passes through the body at any angle between the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal
oblique
69
two main cavities
thoracic (above diaphragm) and abdominal (below diaphragm)
70
four quadrants of the abdomen
right upper (RUQ) & right lower(RLQ)
left upper (LUQ) & left lower (LLQ)
71
what region of the abdomen contains Rt. hypochondrium, epigastrium, & lt. hypochondrium
superior divison
72
what region of the abdomen contains rt. lateral, umbilical, & lt. lateral
middle divison
73
what region of the abdomen contains rt. inguinal, hypogastrium, & lt. inguinal
inferior division
74
4 body types (habitus)
sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic
75
body type that is massive
hypersthenic
76
body types that is average
sthenic
77
body type that is slender
hyposthenic
78
body type that is very slender
asthenic
79
how many primary bones in the human body
206
80
strong, dense, outer layer of bone
compact bone
81
less dense inner layer of bone
spongy bones
82
interconnecting spaces located within the spongy bone filled with yellow and red marrow
trabeculae
83
central cavity of long bones
medullary cavity
84
knoblike projections where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach
tubercles/tuberosities
85
small opening where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone
foramina
86
development and formation of bones
ossification
87
bone found only in the limbs
long bone
88
bone that consist mainly of a long cylindric shaft called the body and two enlarged rounded ends that contain a slippery articular surface
long bone
89
bone that consists mainly of cancellous bone containing red marrow and have a thing layer of compact bone
short bones
90
the femur and humerus are
long bones
91
the only two short bones are
the carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle
92
the vertebrae and the bones in the pelvis are what type of bones
irregular
93
the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
94
development of separate bones at the end of long bones
epiphysis
95
limbs and digits are
long bones
96
carpals and tarsals are
short bones
97
the cranium, sternum, and scapula are what bones
flat bones
98
the vertebrae, plevis and facial bones are
irregular
99
the patella bone is a
sesamoid bone
100
synarthroses are
immovable joints
101
amphiarthroses are
slightly movable joints
102
diarthroses are
freely movable joints
103
path of the central ray as it exits the xray tube and goes through the patient to the image receptor
projection
104
overall posture of the patient or general body position
position
105
specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging
position
106
term used to describe the body part as seen by the image recpetor
view
107
specific radiographic projection that the individual developed
method
108
movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part
abduct or abduction
109
movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part
adduct or adduction
110
straightening of a joint; normal position of a joint; in anatomic position
extension
111
act of bending a joint
flexion
112
forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints
hyperextension
113
forced overflexion of a limb or joints
hyperflexion
114
outward turning of the foot at the ankle
evert
115
inward turning of the foot at the ankle
invert
116
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (in anatomic position)
supinate
117
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
pronate
118
turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis
rotate
119
circular movement of a limb
circumduction
120
tipping or slanting a body part slightly
tilt
121
turning away of the regular standard or course
deviation
