Ch. 1-2 Flashcards
0
Q
The study of the function I body parts
A
Physiology
1
Q
The study of the structure of body parts
A
Anatomy
2
Q
Face forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and body is erect
A
Anatomical position
3
Q
Include the neuron, proton, and electron. Combine to form atom
A
Subatomic particles
4
Q
Ex. C, H, O
Considered the least complex level of organization
Smallest particle of an element
Combine to form molecules/compounds
A
Atom
5
Q
Ex. CO2 H2O
Particle composed of two or more (chemically) joined atoms
Combine to form macromolecules
A
Molecules/compounds
6
Q
Ex. Carbohydrates,lipids,proteins
Large molecule comprised of smaller “building block” molecules
Combine to form organelles
A
Macromolecules
7
Q
Ex. Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria
“Small organ” of a cell which performs a particular function
Collectively compose cells
A
Organelles
8
Q
Basic unit of structure and function of living organisms; each has a set or organelles and performs a particular function
Similar cells with some extra cellular material are arranged into tissues
A
Cells
9
Q
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Group of similar cells that performs a specialized function
Combine to form organs
A
Tissues
10
Q
Skin, heart, brain
Structure consisting of a group of different tissues that perform a specialized function
Combine to form
A
Organs
11
Q
Integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular
Group of different organs that act together to carry out a specialized function
11 form the human organism
A
Organ system
12
Q
Most complex level of organization
Group of organ systems
Individual living think
A
Human organism
13
Q
Change in position I the body or of a body part, internal or external
A
Movement
14
Q
Reaction to a change taking place (stimulus)
A
Responsiveness
15
Q
Increase in body size and changes that take place from birth to death
A
Growth and Development
16
Q
Producing new individuals and new cells either asexually or sexually
A
Reproduction
17
Q
The release of energy from foods which in humans requires taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
A
Respiration
18
Q
Harvesting energy without using oxygen
A
Anaerobic respiration
19
Q
Harvesting energy with oxygen
A
Aerobic respiration
20
Q
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used by cells
A
Digestion
21
Q
Passage of substances (waste) into body fluids
A
Absorption
22
Q
Movement of substances from place to place in body fluids (blood)
A
Circulation
23
Q
Synthesis changing of absorbing substances into chemically different forms; building new compounds
A
Assimilation
24
Removal of waste produced that result from metabolic reactions
Excretion
25
Requirements of organisms
```
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Heat
Pressure
```
26
Raw materials we get from food for new matter
Nutrients
27
For cellular respiration
Oxygen
28
Universal solvent, for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, temp regulation, transportation of substances
Water
29
To maintain 37 degrees C body temp and enzyme action
| 98.6 F
Heat
30
For breathing and filtering blood through kidneys
Pressure
31
Heat is provided by
Muscles
32
Body's ability to break down and build up molecules/compounds for body to use
Sum of catabolic and anabolic reactions
Metabolism
33
The physical and chemical changes or reactions that occur within the body can be divide into :
Catabolic
| Anabolic
34
Breakdown of molecules (decomposition)
| "Cut"
Catabolic
35
The build up of molecules (synthesis)
| "Add"
Anabolic
36
Tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes
Homeostasis
37
____ Life processes and metabolism reactions work to maintain homeostasis
All
38
Three common components all homeostatic mechanisms have
Receptor
Control center
Effector
39
Senses change in the environment
Receptor
40
Regulates set point of variables
Control center
41
Organ that acts in response to changes
Effector
42
Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by __________ which bring conditions back toward set point when conditions have moved away from normal set point
Negative feedback
43
Occurs when conditions are purposely moved away from the set point
Positive feedback
44
Two major portions of the human body
Axial portion
| appendicular portion
45
Includes the head neck and trunk
Axial portion
46
Includes the arms and legs
Appendicular portion
47
Four major cavities of the human body
Cranial cavity
vertebral Canal
Thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
48
Found in the head and hold the brain
Cranial cavity
49
Found in the truck (runs down the back) and holds the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
50
Found in the trunk and holds the lungs, mediastinum, thymus, heart ,esophagus and trachea
Thoracic cavity
51
Found in the truck and is subdivided into two cavitys
Abdominopelvic cavity
52
Found just below the thoracic cavity and holds the stomach liver spleen gallbladder small intestine and large intestine
Abdominal cavity
53
Found just below the abdominal cavity and holds the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs
Pelvic cavity
54
Muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomens pelvic cavity
Diaphragm
55
The kidneys ,adrenal glands ,Pancrease , and uterus are referred to as _______ because they are behind the abdomen pelvic cavity
Retroperitoneal
56
Cavities in the head
```
Oral
Nasal
Para nasal sinuses
Orbital
Middle ear
```
57
Hold the teeth and tongue
Oral cavity
58
Area within nose; connected to air filled sinuses
Nasal cavity
59
Air filled cavities within facial bones that are connected to the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
60
Holds the eyes
Orbital cavities
61
Holds the malleus, incus, an stapes
Middle ear cavities
62
A soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either covers organ or lines a body cavity
Serous membrane
63
Covers a vital organ
Visceral membrane
64
Lines a body cavity
Parietal membrane
65
Potential space between visceral and parietal membrane which ______ is secreted by serious membrane for lubrication
Serious fluid
66
Serious membranes o the abdominal organs are known as
Peritoneal membranes
67
Membrane on surfaces of the liver. Stomach, ect is
Visceral peritoneum
68
Membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is
Parietal peritoneum
69
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Matter
70
All matter living or non is made of ___ of elements
Atoms
71
Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances with different properties
Elements
72
Elements that make up 95% of living organisms
```
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Prosperous
Sulfur
```
73
Smallest part of an element that display the properties if the element
Made up of subatomic particles
Atoms
74
Found in nucleus +
Protons
75
Uncharged. Found in nucleus
Neutron
76
Found outside nucleus of atom -
Electron
77
1 or 2 letter symbol that indicates a type of element
Element symbol
78
The number of protons in the nucleus of a certain element
Atomic number
79
Sum of protons and neurons in a certain element
Atomic mass
80
Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons
Isotopes
81
Best ex of isotope
C12 C13 C14
82
As radioactive isotopes decay, energy is released in the form of
Radiation
83
The electrons in the outer shell , and involved in bonding
Valence electrons
84
Form when two or more atoms bond together(can be same kind of element of different elements)
Molecules
85
For when two or more different elements bond together
Compounds
86
Are charged particles that form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Ions
87
Ionic compounds are held together by an attraction between oppositely charged ions called an
Ionic bond
88
In ____ bonds atoms share electrons allowing each atom to have a complete outer she'll
Covalent
89
If the sharing between two atoms is fairly equal the covalent band is described as
Nonpolar
90
I the sharing between two atoms is unequal the covalent bond is described as
Polar
91
Bond occurs between a slightly + H atom if ine molecule and a slightly - atom of another molecule
Hydrogen bonding
92
Bonds are broken and/or formed resulting in new substances (same elements arranged in a different manner)
Chemical reactions
93
Substances on the left hand side of a chemical equation
Reactants
94
Substances on the right side of a chemical equation
Products
95
3 major types of chemical reactions:
Decomposition
Synthesis
Exchange
96
A molecule is broken into smaller fragments
Decomposition reaction (catabolism)
97
Smaller molecules are assembled into larger ones
Synthesis reaction (anabolism)
98
Parts of the reacting molecules are shifted around to produce new products
Exchange (replacement) reactions
99
Amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction is
Activation energy
100
Are biological catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed
Enzymes
101
Hen a chemical reaction occurs energy may be
Given off or absorbed
102
Energy is given off
Exergonic
103
More energy is required to start the reaction than is released as it proceeds
Endergonic
104
The most abundant substances in living things, comprising roughly 70% of the human body
Water
105
Properties of water :
High heat capacity; high heat vaporization; solvent; cohesive and adhesive; high surface tension; ice less dense
106
Importance of water in the body:
1:effective lubricant 2: chemical reactions require water 3: temp regulation 4: transports chemicals
107
Most abundant inorganic compound
Water
108
is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius
calorie
109
When water ionizes an ___ number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
equal
110
substances that dissociate in water, real easing hydrogen ions (H+)
acids
111
substances that dissociate in water, releasing hydroxyl ions (OH-) or take up hydrogen ions (H+)
bases
112
pH below 7
acidic
113
pH above 7
alkaline (basic)
114
pH of 7
neutral
115
pH scale ranges from ___ to ___
0 to 14
116
pure water is a ___ substance
neutral
117
normal pH of blood
7.35 to 7.45
118
occurs when the pH of blood becomes higher (more alkaline) than normal ; feels dizzy and aggitated
alkalosis
119
occurs when blood pH falls to 7.0 to 7.3 (less alkaline than normal); feels disoriented and fatigued
acidosis
120
is a chemical that keep pH within normal limits
buffer
121
an acid and a base react to form a salt and water
neutralization reaction
122
always contain C and H; are produced by living things and are large molecules
organic molecules
123
contain many molecules joined together, many in life
macromolecules
124
simple organic molecules that exist individually; building blocks of organic molecules
monomers
125
large organic molecules form by combining monomers
polymers
126
4 groups of organic molecules
Carbohydrates
lipids (fats)
proteins
nucleic acid (DNA,RNA)
127
cells have mechanisms of ________ ______ to build and break down polymers
joining monomers
128
an -OH and -H are removed to build a polymer; removes water molecule
dehydration synthesis
129
the components of water are added to break down a polymer
hydrolysis reaction
130
contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
131
functions of carbohydrates:
quick fuel
short term energy storage
structure of organisms
cell to cell recognition
132
simple carbohydrates; sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms
monosaccharides
133
5 carbon sugar
pentose
134
6 carbon sugar
hexose
135
made by plants during photosynthesis (monosaccharide)
glucose
136
contain 2 monosaccharides
disaccharides
137
long polymers that contain many glucose subunits
polysaccharides
138
storage form of glucose in plants
starch
139
storage form of glucose in animals (stored in liver and muscle cells)
glycogen
140
can be found in the cell walls of plants
cellulose
141
fats, oil, steroids
lipids
142
Lipids do ___ dissolve in water
NOT
143
fats and oils are
triglycerides
144
usually of animal origin; solid at room temp
fats
145
usually of plant origin; liquid at room temp
oils
146
functions of fats:
longterm energy storage
insulation against heat loss
protection of major organs
147
no double covalent bonds between carbon atoms; have H atoms at every possible location
saturated fatty acids
148
double bonds between carbon atoms, so don't have H atoms at every possible location
unsaturated fatty acids
149
primary components of cell membranes; comprised of 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group
phospholipids
150
have four adjacent rings
steroids
151
Proteins such as keratin and collagen have ___ roles
structural
152
proteins are also ____
enzymes
153
Proteins ____ substances across cell membranes
transport
154
proteins form the ____ of the immune system that defend the body from disease
antibodies
155
proteins such as ____ are hormones that regulate cellular function
insulin
156
_____ proteins such as actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and muscles to contract
contractile
157
proteins are made of
amino acids
158
parts of amino acids:
amino group
acidic group/carboxyl group
R group/functional group (remainder)
159
is a single chain of amino acids (long)
polypeptide
160
joins two amino acids
peptide bond
161
levels of protein structure:
primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary
162
sequence of amino acids
primary
163
forms alpha helix or beta sheath
secondary
164
secondary structures bond forming globular shape
tertiary
165
forms the protein
quarternary
166
_____ of proteins occurs under the following conditions
denaturation
167
functions of DNA:
stores genetic info
| codes for the oder of amino acids in a protein
168
nucleic acids are made of
nucleotides
169
components of a nucleotide:
phosphate
pentose sugar (ribose, deoxyribose)
nitrogen containing base( AUCG,ATCG)
