Ch. 3-4

Question 1

Cell theory states:

Answer 1

1. cell is basic unit of structure & function in living things 2.smallest unit that performs all vital functions 3. new cells come from pre existing cells

Question 2

cell (plasma) membrane

Answer 2

outer boundary of the cell

Question 3

cytoplasm

Answer 3

holds the cellular organelles

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

control center of the cell

Question 5

cellular organelles

Answer 5

performs specific functions of the cell

Question 6

membrane structure =

Answer 6

fluid mosaic model

Question 7

allows only certain substances to enter and leave the cell

Answer 7

selectively permeable

Question 8

the cell membrane is _____ ______

Answer 8

selectively permeable

Question 9

cell membrane is composed of a ___ ____ of phospholipid molecules with many protein molecules dispersed within it

Answer 9

double layer

Question 10

the surfaces of the membrane are _____ due to the polar phosphate heads

Answer 10

hydrophilic

Question 11

the internal portion of the membrane is ____ due to the non polar fatty acid tails

Answer 11

hydrophobic

Question 12

hydrophilic

Answer 12

water loving

Question 13

hydrophobic

Answer 13

hate water

Question 14

act as receptors, recognizes something else

Answer 14

carbohydrates

Question 15

keeps membrane fluid, part of cell membrane, 2 kinds

Answer 15

cholesterol

Question 16

connect adjacent cell membranes(when cells are in contact with one another)

Answer 16

intercellular junctions

Question 17

3 types of junctions:

Answer 17

1 tight 2 desmosomes 3 gap

Question 18

prevent moment of substances in between cells ex. blood brain barrier, bound all the way down

Answer 18

tight junctions

Question 19

structural reinforcement (spot wielding) cell membranes are attached to one another at various sites

Answer 19

desmosomes

Question 20

allow substances like ions to pass from cell to cell for communication (cardiac muscle)

Answer 20

gap junctions

Question 21

cyto=

Answer 21

cell

Question 22

space between the cell membrane and the nucleus, 70% of the cell, holds organelles

Answer 22

cytoplasm

Question 23

the jelly-like fluid of the cytoplasm and occupies the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane,mostly water

Answer 23

cytosol

Question 24

central core; control center, houses DNA

Answer 24

nucleus

Question 25

largest organelle of the cell, filled with nucleoplasm

Answer 25

nucleus

Question 26

3 distinct regions of nucleus:

Answer 26

1 nuclear envelope 2 nucleolus 3chromatin

Question 27

double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Answer 27

nuclear envelope

Question 28

the nuclear membrane is selectively

Answer 28

permeable

Question 29

is a dense spherical body (or bodies) within the nucleus

Answer 29

nucleolus

Question 30

composed of RNA and proteins, makes ribosomes

Answer 30

nucleolus

Question 31

loosely coiled fivers of DNA and his one proteins present in the nucleus

Answer 31

chromatin

Question 32

the fundamental unit of chromatin, a spherical cluster of 8 histone proteins connected on DNA strand

Answer 32

nucleosome

Question 33

the fibers of chromatin would be condensed into tightly coiled ___ if the cell were preparing to divide

Answer 33

chromosomes

Question 34

small granules dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and on the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum; composed of RNA & protein; Protein synthesis:NOT bound by membrane

Answer 34

ribosomes

Question 35

a network of interconnected parallel membranes, that enclose into tubes or channels called cysternae

Answer 35

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 36

two types of endoplasmic reticulum:

Answer 36

1. rough er 2. smooth er

Question 37

studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis

Answer 37

rough er

Question 38

lacks ribosomes; lipid and cholesterol synthesis, has more tubular appearance, aids in detoxification,abundant in liver cells, packages molecules into transport vesicles

Answer 38

smooth er

Question 39

made of 4-8 flattened membranous sacs arranged in stacks associated with vesicles;receive vesicles from er; modification, packaging, and transport of proteins

Answer 39

golgi apparatus

Question 40

membraneous sacs

Answer 40

cisternae

Question 41

membrane transports sacs; made by golgi and er

Answer 41

vesicles

Question 42

two types of vesicles:

Answer 42

secretory, transport

Question 43

migrate to the plasma membrane and discharge their contents from the cell (secretion)

Answer 43

secretory vesicles

Question 44

transport proteins to other structures such as lysosomes

Answer 44

transport vesicles

Question 45

bound by double membranes;inner membrane folded into cristae;powerhouse of the cell

Answer 45

mitochondria

Question 46

function of mitochondria

Answer 46

releases energy (atp) from glucose

Question 47

spherical membraneous sacs containing digestive enzymes;recycles small pieces;destroy foreign particles;degrade non useful tisues

Answer 47

lysosomes

Question 48

process by which worn cell parts are digested by autophagy

Answer 48

autolysis

Question 49

resembles lysosomes;membraneous sacs containing oxidase enzymes;contains catalase

Answer 49

perixoxomes

Question 50

function of perixoxomes

Answer 50

detoxification of harmful of toxic substances

Question 51

-ase=

Answer 51

enzyme

Question 52

provide framework for the cell;form "muscles and bones" of the cell; allow intracellular transport and movement

Answer 52

cytoskeleton

Question 53

protein structures that make up the cytoskeleton:

Answer 53

microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments

Question 54

short,hair like cellular extensions;aids in movement of substances through passageways;in trachea and fallopian tube

Answer 54

cilia

Question 55

long,whip like projection;only one per cell in humans;aids in locomotion;sperm cell only

Answer 55

flagella

Question 56

small finger like extensions of the external surface of the cell membrane; in small intestine absorbs nutrients into the blood

Answer 56

microvilli

Question 57

function of microvilli:

Answer 57

increase surface area for absorption at absorptive surfaces such as small intestine

Question 58

pair of microtubules located near the nucleus;contains centioles; aid in movement of chromosomes during mitosis

Answer 58

centrosome

Question 59

plasma membrane ____ the internal environment of the cell form the external environment

Answer 59

separates

Question 60

the passage of a substance through the plasma membrane may be ___ or ____

Answer 60

physical;physiologic

Question 61

requires no energy expenditure,passive

Answer 61

physical

Question 62

active process; requires energy expenditure

Answer 62

physiologic

Question 63

types of passive transport processes:

Answer 63

simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; osmosis; filtration

Question 64

ccurs due to the constant random motion of molecules;spread down a concentration gradient;state of equilibrium is produced

Answer 64

simple diffusion

Question 65

diffusion that requires a carrier molecules;high to low

Answer 65

facilitated diffusion

Question 66

diffusion of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane in an attempt to dilute a solutes

Answer 66

osmosis

Question 67

solute concentration is same inside cell as in solution outside; neither shrinks nor swells; equilibrium;=.9%

Answer 67

isotonic solution

Question 68

=>.9%;solute concentration is higher on outside of cell; cell will shrink when water moves out;can dehydrate and die

Answer 68

hypertonic solution

Question 69

=<.9%;solute concentration is lower on outside of cell; will swell when water moves into cell; can burst and die

Answer 69

hypotonic solution

Question 70

water & solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrostatic pressure of blood; high to low

Answer 70

filtration

Question 71

molecules or particles that are too large to enter the cell by passive transport or active are brought into the cell within a vesicle formed form a section of the cell membrane;require energy

Answer 71

endocytosis