Ch. 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory states:

A
  1. cell is basic unit of structure & function in living things 2.smallest unit that performs all vital functions 3. new cells come from pre existing cells
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2
Q

cell (plasma) membrane

A

outer boundary of the cell

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

holds the cellular organelles

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4
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell

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5
Q

cellular organelles

A

performs specific functions of the cell

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6
Q

membrane structure =

A

fluid mosaic model

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7
Q

allows only certain substances to enter and leave the cell

A

selectively permeable

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8
Q

the cell membrane is _____ ______

A

selectively permeable

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9
Q

cell membrane is composed of a ___ ____ of phospholipid molecules with many protein molecules dispersed within it

A

double layer

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10
Q

the surfaces of the membrane are _____ due to the polar phosphate heads

A

hydrophilic

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11
Q

the internal portion of the membrane is ____ due to the non polar fatty acid tails

A

hydrophobic

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12
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

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13
Q

hydrophobic

A

hate water

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14
Q

act as receptors, recognizes something else

A

carbohydrates

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15
Q

keeps membrane fluid, part of cell membrane, 2 kinds

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

connect adjacent cell membranes(when cells are in contact with one another)

A

intercellular junctions

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17
Q

3 types of junctions:

A

1 tight 2 desmosomes 3 gap

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18
Q

prevent moment of substances in between cells ex. blood brain barrier, bound all the way down

A

tight junctions

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19
Q

structural reinforcement (spot wielding) cell membranes are attached to one another at various sites

A

desmosomes

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20
Q

allow substances like ions to pass from cell to cell for communication (cardiac muscle)

A

gap junctions

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21
Q

cyto=

A

cell

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22
Q

space between the cell membrane and the nucleus, 70% of the cell, holds organelles

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

the jelly-like fluid of the cytoplasm and occupies the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane,mostly water

A

cytosol

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24
Q

central core; control center, houses DNA

A

nucleus

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25
largest organelle of the cell, filled with nucleoplasm
nucleus
26
3 distinct regions of nucleus:
1 nuclear envelope 2 nucleolus 3chromatin
27
double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
28
the nuclear membrane is selectively
permeable
29
is a dense spherical body (or bodies) within the nucleus
nucleolus
30
composed of RNA and proteins, makes ribosomes
nucleolus
31
loosely coiled fivers of DNA and his one proteins present in the nucleus
chromatin
32
the fundamental unit of chromatin, a spherical cluster of 8 histone proteins connected on DNA strand
nucleosome
33
the fibers of chromatin would be condensed into tightly coiled ___ if the cell were preparing to divide
chromosomes
34
small granules dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and on the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum; composed of RNA & protein; Protein synthesis:NOT bound by membrane
ribosomes
35
a network of interconnected parallel membranes, that enclose into tubes or channels called cysternae
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
36
two types of endoplasmic reticulum:
1. rough er 2. smooth er
37
studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis
rough er
38
lacks ribosomes; lipid and cholesterol synthesis, has more tubular appearance, aids in detoxification,abundant in liver cells, packages molecules into transport vesicles
smooth er
39
made of 4-8 flattened membranous sacs arranged in stacks associated with vesicles;receive vesicles from er; modification, packaging, and transport of proteins
golgi apparatus
40
membraneous sacs
cisternae
41
membrane transports sacs; made by golgi and er
vesicles
42
two types of vesicles:
secretory, transport
43
migrate to the plasma membrane and discharge their contents from the cell (secretion)
secretory vesicles
44
transport proteins to other structures such as lysosomes
transport vesicles
45
bound by double membranes;inner membrane folded into cristae;powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
46
function of mitochondria
releases energy (atp) from glucose
47
spherical membraneous sacs containing digestive enzymes;recycles small pieces;destroy foreign particles;degrade non useful tisues
lysosomes
48
process by which worn cell parts are digested by autophagy
autolysis
49
resembles lysosomes;membraneous sacs containing oxidase enzymes;contains catalase
perixoxomes
50
function of perixoxomes
detoxification of harmful of toxic substances
51
-ase=
enzyme
52
provide framework for the cell;form "muscles and bones" of the cell; allow intracellular transport and movement
cytoskeleton
53
protein structures that make up the cytoskeleton:
microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments
54
short,hair like cellular extensions;aids in movement of substances through passageways;in trachea and fallopian tube
cilia
55
long,whip like projection;only one per cell in humans;aids in locomotion;sperm cell only
flagella
56
small finger like extensions of the external surface of the cell membrane; in small intestine absorbs nutrients into the blood
microvilli
57
function of microvilli:
increase surface area for absorption at absorptive surfaces such as small intestine
58
pair of microtubules located near the nucleus;contains centioles; aid in movement of chromosomes during mitosis
centrosome
59
plasma membrane ____ the internal environment of the cell form the external environment
separates
60
the passage of a substance through the plasma membrane may be ___ or ____
physical;physiologic
61
requires no energy expenditure,passive
physical
62
active process; requires energy expenditure
physiologic
63
types of passive transport processes:
simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; osmosis; filtration
64
ccurs due to the constant random motion of molecules;spread down a concentration gradient;state of equilibrium is produced
simple diffusion
65
diffusion that requires a carrier molecules;high to low
facilitated diffusion
66
diffusion of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane in an attempt to dilute a solutes
osmosis
67
solute concentration is same inside cell as in solution outside; neither shrinks nor swells; equilibrium;=.9%
isotonic solution
68
=>.9%;solute concentration is higher on outside of cell; cell will shrink when water moves out;can dehydrate and die
hypertonic solution
69
=<.9%;solute concentration is lower on outside of cell; will swell when water moves into cell; can burst and die
hypotonic solution
70
water & solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrostatic pressure of blood; high to low
filtration
71
molecules or particles that are too large to enter the cell by passive transport or active are brought into the cell within a vesicle formed form a section of the cell membrane;require energy
endocytosis