Ch 1,2,3 Final Exam Flashcards
(352 cards)
<p>What is athletic training?</p>
A health care profession practiced by athletic trainers who collaborate with physicians to optimize activity and clients.
<p>What does athletic training encompass?</p>
Athletic training focuses on prevention, diagnosis, and intervention of emergency, acute, and chronic medical conditions.
<p>Students who want to become certified athletic trainers must earn what?</p>
A degree
<p>What are six places that athletic trainers can provide services?</p>
- Health care rehab
- military
- occupational health
- perfoming arts
- physician practice
- public safety
<p>What are credentials?</p>
A qualification, typically used to show that they are qualified for something.
<p>What does NATA stand for?</p>
National Athletic Trainer’s Association.
<p>Roles of an athletic trainer</p>
injury prevention evaluation and assessment care of injuries treatment organization professional development
<p>difference between rehabilitation and reconditioning</p>
rehabilitation is the process of getting a person back to normal function following an injury or illness.
reconditioning is getting the athlete back into shape for athletic participation
<p>what is sports medicine?</p>
sports medicine is not a single career, but instead a widely varied group of professionals all concerned with the health and well being of an athlete.
<p>5 people who make of the central sports medicine team?</p>
<p>Athletes parents team physician certified athletic trainer coaches</p>
<p>what type of specialist is commonly a team physician</p>
<p>an orthopedic physician</p>
<p>primary care physician</p>
<p>perform routine check-ups and provide care for patients</p>
<p>podiatrist</p>
<p>specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions of the foot, ankle, and lower leg</p>
<p>allergist</p>
<p>specializes in the diagnosis and treatement of asthma and other allergic diseases</p>
<p>urologist</p>
<p>specializes in diseases of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system</p>
<p>gynecologist</p>
<p>specializes in deseases of the female genital tract and women's health</p>
<p>cardiologist</p>
<p>specializes in blodd bessels, the heart, and the cardiovascular system</p>
<p>pediatrician</p>
<p>manages the health of children, including physical behavior, and mental issues</p>
<p>neurologist</p>
<p>treats disorderes that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves</p>
<p>chiropractors</p>
<p>seeks to prevent and treat health problems by using spinal adjustments</p>
<p>registered dietician </p>
<p>can offer help with the choice of foods a person eats and drinks</p>
<p>what is a physician assistant</p>
<p>they practice medicine and do many of the jobs doctors do</p>
<p>what are 3 places physician assistants can work</p>
<p>family medicine
internal medicine
emergency medicine</p>
<p>what is a physical therapist</p>
<p>specializes in fixing impariments and promotes mobility, function, and quality of life</p>
what is a nurse practitioner
qualified to treat certain medical conditions without the direct supervision of a doctor
assessment of athletic injuries
understand what type of injury it is
exercise physiology
how the body responds to exercise and how a body can become more fit
first aid
to be able to treat injuries with medicine
human anatomy
understanding what is in the body and how those parts function
human physiology
the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical function of humans
biomechanics
the study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms
nutrition
the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.
pathology of injury and illness
priarily concerns the cause, origin, and nature of disease
phramacology
concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs
therapeutic modalities
using ultrasound therapy, shortwave diathermy
superior
towards the head or upper part of a structure
inferior
away from the head
anterior
front of the bodyq
posterior
back of the body
medial
in the middle of the body
lateral
the sides of the body
proximal
near the trunk
distal
away from the trunk
superficial
toward the surface of the body
deep
inside the body
3 primary functions of bones
helps with movement blood cell production protection of organs
how many bones in the human body
206
what is the epiphysis
the growth plate
what is cartilage
tough, flexible connective tissue that is found in many areas of the body
2 main functions of cartilage
shock absorption | permit smooth bone movement
functions of muscles
generate movement maintain body heat postural alignment
functions of tendons
connect muscle to bone
functions of ligaments
connect bone to bone
what is the joint capsule
a thin, fibrous sac containing fluid, which surrounds an entire joint
what is the synovial membrane
the synovial membrane is a slick membrane lining inside a joint
what is flexion
the decreasing of the angle at a joint
what is extension
the increasing of the angle at a joint
what is hyperextension
represents a movement beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite the direction of flexion
adduction
bringing a body part toward the midline
abduction
moving a body part away from the midline
3 things about medial and lateral rotation
seen in the shoulder and hip movement involved in the transverse plane occurs with elbow/knee at 90 degrees
what is rotation
rotary movement around a fixed axis moving of a body part in circular motion
what 3 things happen when a tissue is injured
bleed become inflamed produce extra fluid
5 signs of inflammation
pain redness swelling loss of function heat
```medical term for swelling
edema
what is a strain
stretching of a tendon
4 muscle groups that strains often occur in
hamstrings quadriceps gastrocnemius groin
what is a sprain
a stretching of a ligament
what is joint laxity
lose joints due to lose ligaments
what is a contusion
a region of injured tissue in which blood capillaries have been ruptured
what is a hematoma
another name for the collection of blood under the skin
incision
a cut or wound made by cutting with a sharp object
abrasion
bleeding knee, falling
laceration
skin separates from the wound; scarring is frequent
avulsion
the forcible tearing away of a body part by trauma
amputation
cutting of bone
puncture
a wound that is deeper than it is wide
what is vasoconstriction
a blood vessel getting smaller
what is vasodilation
a blood vessel getting bigger
3 factors that slow down healing time
atrophy infection poor nutrition
what is a dislocation
disruption of integrity of a joint
4 injuries can a dislocation cause
avulsion fractures strains sprains decreased blood flow
what is subluxation
when a joint dislocates and relocates on its own
avulsion fracture
tearing away of bone | common in adolescents
stress fracture
microscopic damage to bone
epiphyseal
fracture to growth plate
spiral fracture
bone fracture occurring when torque is applied along the axis of bone
transverse fracture
broken piece of bone is at a right angle to the bone's axis
pathological
fracture caused by disease
2 common causes of pathological fractures
improper nutrition | eating disorders
brain damage is possible after ____ minutes
4-6
Brain damage is likely after ___
6-10 minutes
Irreversible brain damage is likely after ___
minutes
what does therapeutic mean?
something with healing properties
what does the I in impress stand for
Initial inflammatory phase
what does the M in IMPRESS stand for
mobility restoration phase
what does the P in IMPRESS stand for
proprioception phase
what does the R in IMPRESS stand for
resistance training
what does the E in IMPRESS stand for
endurance training (cardiovascular endurance)
what does the 2 S's in IMPRESS stand for
sports specific function
goals of the initial injury phase
control of inflammation which produces pain, swelling, warmth, and redness
What does the P in prices stand for
protection
what does the R in prices stand for
Rest
what does the I in prices stand for
Ice
What does the C in PRICES stand for
compression
what does the E in PRICES stand for
elevation
what does the S in PRICES stand for
Support
When can the mobility restoration phase be initiated
when they can tolerate the pain
what is Range of motion
the full movement
what is passive range of motion
ATC moves the injured body segment with the athlete relaxed (PAIN TOLERANCE)
What is Active-assistive range of motion
ATC and athlete work together to move injured segement
what is Active range of motion
necessary before strengthening exercises can be initiated.
what is flexibility?
ability to move a joint through a full ROM without restritictions normal flexibility is needed for normal function
what is proprioception?
the body's ability to get information to the brain in response to stimulus a rising from the boyd.
What are three types of exercises used to restore proprioception
BOSU Balance board dynadisk
explain the resistance training phase
Introduction of strength exercies
What are five examples of how resistance training can be performed
leg adduction plank side plank wall shin raises arm raises
```what is muscular strength
muscular strength is the ability to lift a maximal amount of weight for one repetition
what is muscular endurance?
the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time
what is muscular power?
ability to contract the muscles with speed and force in short, explosive acts
explain the cardiovascular endurance phase
the prolonged ability of your heart and lungs to supply muscles with nutrients and oxygen
explain the muscular endurance phase
the ability of your muscles to perform contractions for long periods of time (ex. # of curl-ups)
what are four examples of how these phases can be performed?
biking jogging curl-ups push/pull ups
explain the sports-specific function phase
preparing the athlete to meet the demands of the sport they compete in
what are therapeutic modalities?
treatments used to facilitate healing | Ex. heat, cold, ultrasound, electrical muscle stimulation
how are therapeutic modalities categorized?
thermal electrical mechanical
what are thermal elements?
transfer heat into/out of body tissue
what are indications?
a sign or piece of information that indicates somethin
what are contraindications?
signs to not do a treatment
indications for traction?
spinal disk protrusion degenerative disk disease soft tissue stiffness nerve root compression muscle spasm joint tightness
```contraindications for traction
osteoporosis malignant tumors acute injuries
what are 8 factors that impede healing?
infection edema atrophy hemorrhage age of athlete muscle spams separation of tissue excessive scarring
```what is hematoma
swelling or clotted blood
what is ecchymosis
a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath
what is cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin
what is edema
swelling
what is congenital?
a disease that starts at birth
what is idiopathic?
a disease that arises spontaneousely
what is necrosis?
tissue death
what is contracture?
shortening or hardening of the muscles, tendons, or muscles
what is atrophy?
muscle shrinking
what is dyspnea?
difficult or labored breathing
what is apnea?
temporary cessation of breathing
what is crepitus?
a grating sound produced by friction between bone and cartilage
What are the three lateral ligaments of the ankle?
anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular
what are the medial ligaments?
deltoid ligaments
lateral sprains // what structures are injured?
ATF PTF CF
lateral sprains// mechanisms
inversion combined with plantarflexion |
what is the MCL
medial collateral ligament attaches femur to tibia provides valgus/medial stability
What is the LCL
lateral collateral ligament attaches femur to fibula vaurs/lateral stability
what is the ACL
anterior cruciate ligament keeps tibia form moving forward on femur controls rotation of the knee
what is the PCL
posterior cruciate ligament | prevents tibia from moving posterior on femur
what is knee cartilage called
meniscus
what are the functions of the meniscus
sponge-like material used as shock absorbers and stabilizers within the knee attached to the top of tibia
Medial meniscus is more what?
prone to injuries
why is the lateral meniscus injured less?
it has greater freedom of movement
what are the four quadriceps muscles?
Rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis
what are the functions of the rectus femoris?
knee extension | hip flexion
what are the functions of the vastus lateralis?
knee extension
what are the functions of the vastus intermedius
knee extension
what are the functions of the vastus medialis?
knee extension
what are the posterior thigh muscles called?
hamstrings
What are the three hamstring muscles? Functions?
biceps femoris semitenainosus semimembranosus hip extension and knee flexion
what is the illiotibial band?
the distal attachment of the tensor fascia latae muscle | provides lateral support of the knee
what is the bursa sac and its functions?
small fluid filled sac lined by synovial membrane | provides cushion between bones and tendons around an injury
how many bursa sacs are in the knee?
11 bursae
mechanisms of MCL injuries?
valgus force
what is the mechanism of LCL injuries
varus force
S/S of MCL/LCL injuries
swelling, pain , discoloration inflammation instability/ joint laxity
what is joint laxity?
a looseness in the joint not present in the uninjured leg
Four streps in the immediate treatment of a suspected MCL/LCL injury?
PRICE ROM as tolerated orthopedic referral
Which meniscus is injured most often? why?
medial firmly attached to medial collateral ligament and joint capsule
meniscus injury // mechanism?
valgus force
S/S of meniscus injuries
edema developing over 48-72 hour period joint line pain and loss of motion intermittent locking and giving way pain w/ squatting clicking and/or popping in the knee
```treatment // meniscus injury
rest ice pain receivers physical therapy
what is a meniscectomy?
the surgical removal of all or part of a torn meniscus
mechanisms // ACL injuries
the athlete attempting to change directions | jumping / landing
s/s of ACL injuries
Rapid moderate to severe edema moderate to severe pian instability athlete will report hearing or feeling a "pop"
immediate treatment // ACL injury
PRICE, IMMOBILIZE knee, crutches | referral to an orthopedic MD
long-term treatment // ACL injury
surgical repair | rehabilitation for 6-10 months
what is the unhappy triad?
an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the medial meniscus.
mechanisms // PCL sprains
athlete falling on a bent knee hyper flexion blow to the anterior tibia hyperextension
s/s of PCL injuries
may report "a pop" sometimes doesn't well to the extent of a torn PCL posterior tibial sag
immediate treatment // PCL injury
PRICES, NSAIDS
long- term treatment // PCL injury
Grade 1 and 2 - non-surgical | Grade 3 - surgery
What is patella-femoral syndrome?
term for generalized knee pain usually caused by abnormal stress on the joint poor patellar tracking is usually the cause this results in chondromalacia patella
what is chondromalacia patella?
a wearing away of cartilage being the patella | (runner's knee)
mechanisms // chondromalacia
poor patellar tracking poor biomechanics overuse structural abnormality weak / under developed thigh muscles or quadriceps
```what is the Q-angle
quadriceps femurs muscle angle
treatment of chondromalacia
correct biomechanics and structural abnormalities strengthening of knee muscles ice/ NSAIDS bracing
what is a patellar dislocation?
athletes patella is forced laterally
mechanism // patellar dislocation?
when knee is bent and forced to twist inward
s/s of patellar dislocation?
patella will be positioned lateral moderate-severe edema pain inability to move knee/leg
treatment // patellar dislocation
reduction by physician immobilization restore ROM, strength use of a knee bone when returning to competition
what is patellar tendonitis?
cross section of knee in flexion
mechanism // patellar tendonitis
excessive tension over patellar tendon
s/s of patellar tendonitis
pain distal the patella pain initially present only at beginning/end of activity if untreated, pain will be present before during and after physical activity going up and down stairs painful
treatment // patellar tendonitis
RICE decreased activity stretching and strengthening NSAIDS taping/ bracing of tendon
```how might patellar tendonitis be avoided?
patellar brace
what is osgood-schlatter disease?
inflammation of the tibia tuberosity of the tibia | tendon becomes irritated
s/s of osgood-schlatter disease
pain in the knee or leg below the knee | limping / lump below knee
treatment of osgood-schlatter disease
ICE REST NSAIDS improve overall leg strength improve quadriceps flex
```what is bursitis?
inflammation of a bursa | typically in knee, elbow, or shoulder
s/s of bursitis in the knee
knee is warm to touch moderate severe edema squishy to touch painful /point tender -> move to pressure
treatment // knee bursitis
PRICES protection risk of infection is high
2 types of knee bursitis
pre-patellar bursitis | pes anserine bursitis
treatment of bursitis?
joint protection rest, ice, and pain relievers RICE
specific conditions might a woman be more prone to ?
ACL tears shin splints patellar tendonitis patellar dislocations IT band syndrome chondromalacia
```four main bones of the skull
frontal (anterior) parietal (superior) occipital (posterior) temporal (lateral)
medical term for the jaw bone
mandible
medical term for the maxilla
the upper jaw
how many pounds of force can the skull withstand?
425 Ib
function of the frontal lobe
voluntary muscle movement, emotion, and eye movement
function // occipital
vision
function // parietal
sensation
function // temporal
hearing and speech
function // cerebellum
equilibrium, muscle actions, some reflexes
function of cerebrospinal fluid
protection provides vital chemicals helps maintain pressure
4 ways head injuries can be prevented
helmets mouth guards rules common sense
mechanisms // head injuries
impact or rotation
what is a coup injury
caused by stationary skull being hit by an object traveling at a high velocity
what is a contra coup injury
a skull in motion moving at a high velocity is suddenly stopped
s/s concussion
nausea /vomiting some mental confusion amnesia unsteadiness tinnitus dizziness headache difficulty speaking possible battle sign
```define battle sign
discoloration behind the ear
what is tinnatus
ringing in your ears
what is retrograde amnesia
the inability to recall events prior to the onset of injury
what is anterograde amnesia
the inability to remember events following the injury
what is nystagmus?
rapid fluttering of the eyes
what is post-concussion syndrome?
a combination of post-concussion symptoms | occurs within 7-10 days ; goes away after 3 months
s/s of post-concussion syndrome?
headaches | dizziness
treatment of post-concussion syndrome
rest | removed from play
C 1-2
Neck flexion
C3
lateral neck flexion
C4
shoulder elevation
C5
shoulder abduction
C6
Elbow flexion
C7
elbow extension
C8
Thumb extension, finger flexion
T1
finger abduction
L2
hip flexion
L3
knee extension
L4
ankle dorsiflexion and inversion
L2, 3, 4
hip adductors
L5
great toe extension, hip abduction
S1
ankle plantar flexion, hip extension
S2
knee flexion
what are the four segments of the spine
cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral
