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Bio 103 mini hybrid > Ch. 1,2,3 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 1,2,3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

explain order

A

living things are comprised of the same chemical elements, obey same physical/chemical laws as non-living things, has at least one cell

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2
Q

explain reproduction

A

one parent cell (mitosis) clones cells, two parent cells of varying genetics (meiosis) unique offspring

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3
Q

explain growth and development

A

inherited info in DNA controls the pattern of growth. growth is where building up outweighs breaking down (increase in size/number of cells)

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4
Q

explain energy processing

A

to take energy and use it to power all activities (the capacity to work)

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5
Q

explain regulation

A

the positive reaction to a negative reaction (sunbathing in lizards, homeostasis)

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6
Q

explain response to environment/stimuli

A

responding to changes in the environment (pupils dilate in light)

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7
Q

explain evolutionary adaptation

A

when evolving over generations, the organisms that aren’t fit to survive die, and the ones that have traits that allow them to survive in their environment survive, reproduce, and carry on those traits that help them survive

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8
Q

define cell

A

the smallest most basic unit of life

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9
Q

define metabolism

A

encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (anabolism, catabolism)

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10
Q

define homeostasis

A

a state of biological balance

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11
Q

what are the taxa from most specific to very general

A

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

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12
Q

define taxonomy

A

the discipline of biology that identifies and classifies organisms according to certain rules

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13
Q

compare the three domains of life

A
  • bacteria, archea and eukarya all have unicellular organisms
  • eukarya can have multicellular organisms and has sexual reproduction
  • archea lives in extreme environments
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14
Q

list the 4 kingdoms of eukarya

A
  • protists
  • plantae
  • fungi
  • animalia
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15
Q

explain the principles of a scientific name

A

the first word in genus, second is epiphet(species). Genus is capitalized while species is not. is italicized or underlined

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16
Q

describe the level of organization from molecules to biosphere

A
  • all biological things work together to create a larger level of organization
  • molecule>organelle>cell>tissue>organ>organ system>organism>population>community>ecosystem>biosphere
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17
Q

define emergent property

A

ex. when cells develop into tissues, tissues still retain the same characteristics as cells while also gaining new characteristics that cells don’t have

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18
Q

define science

A

an attempt to predict and explain natural phenomenon

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19
Q

distinguish between a hypothesis and a scientific theory

A

a hypothesis is a proposed explanation bases on observation, while a scientific theory is an explanation based on a LOT of evidence

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20
Q

describe the structure of a controlled experiment

A

it compares an experimental group with a control group (change one component in the system at a time)

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21
Q

define independent variable

A

the one factor that is changed

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22
Q

define dependent variable

A

the result of the independent variable being changed

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23
Q

define control

A

the factor that never changes

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24
Q

explain the goal of science

A

to understand natural phenomenon

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25
explain the goal of technology
to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose
26
how are science and technology interdependent
technological advances stem from scientific discoveries and scientists rely on technology to conduct their studies
27
list the 5 unifying themes in biology
- evolution is the core theme of biology - life depends on the flow of information - structure and function are related - life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter - life depends on the interactions within and between systems
28
define evolution
a process that changes life over long periods of time
29
what are the two main points of Darwin's main theory of evolution
- species today arose from ancestors that were different from them ex. all birds have the same body plan but they are all uniquely structures for their specific environments - natural selection; animals carry down traits that allow them to survive while the others die
30
explain how life depends on the flow of information
we wouldn't be able to produce the material we need to survive(protein) or conduct homeostasis
31
describe the relationship between structure and function in biology
usually what the structure looks like is what it's function is. Only the heart can pump blood unlike the large intestine.
32
explain how energy flows through an ecosystem
deenergy only flows in one direction
33
describe cycling of matter
chemicals are changed and reused (recycled) ex. water cycle
34
explain how systems biology is used to understand biological systems
they analyze the interactions of the parts in the biological system (everything is a breaking down/building up process)
35
define matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
36
define element
a substance that can't be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
37
define compound
two or more elements in a fixed ratio ex. sodium + chlorine = salt
38
state the 6 elements that are essential to life and make up approximately 99% of living matter
CHNOPS - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur
39
describe the structure of an atom
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
40
describe location and charge of each subatomic particle
neutrons (no charge) and protons (positive charge) are in the nucleus, electrons (negative charge) orbit the nucleus
41
define atomic number
number of protons
42
define mass number
sum of protons and neutrons
43
define isotopes
an element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
44
explain the significance of radioactive isotopes
they are used as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms (chemo)
45
define orbital
electron shells that hold electrons around the nucleus
46
valence shell
the outermost shell
47
describe covalent bonds
when atoms share electrons
48
define nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally
49
define polar covalent bonds
electrons are pulled closer to the electronegative atom
50
define electronegativity
a measure of an atom's attraction for shared electrons
51
what elements are covalent bonds made of
2 non metals
52
describe ionic bonds
the actual transfer of an electron between atoms results in an attraction
53
define ion
an atom or molecule with an electric charge resulting from the gain or loss of one or more electrons
54
define cation
a positively charged iona
55
define anion
a negatively charged ion
56
describe hydrogen bonds
when hydrogen is attracted to the oxygen of another atom temporarily
57
define chemical reaction
breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new ones (creates a reactant and a product)d
58
define reactants
the starting materials
59
define product
the material resulting from the chemical reaction
60
describe the four life-supporting properties of water
- water is cohesive (water+water) and adhesive (water+other) - it has high thermal energy (takes a lot for it to cool down/heat up) - less dense as a solid than a liquid - is a universal solvent
61
define cohesion
the tendency of the same kind of molecules to stick together
62
define adhesion
the clinging of one substance to another
63
define surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
64
define thermal energy
the energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules
65
define heat
thermal energy is transferred from a warmer to a cooler body of matter
66
define temperature
measures the intensity of heat
67
define evaporative cooling
when a substance evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down
68
define solution
a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances
69
define solvent
a dissolving agent
70
define solute
dissolves when water molecules surround thema
71
define aqueous solution
the product of something being dissolved
72
explain the pH scale
describes how acidic or basic a solution is - acidic : pH lower than 7 - base(alkaline) : pH greater than 7 - neutral : pH=7
73
define alkaline
pH greater than 7
74
define logorithmic
each unit change in pH represents a change of 10xd
75
define buffer
minimizes changes in pH
76
what is the biological significance of buffers
it helps regulate our blood pH levels when we eat something acidic like oranges
77
define organic compounds
a compound containing carbon
78
describe the importance of carbon to life's molecular diversity
because carbon can bond with up to 4 different atoms, there isa huge diversity of molecular structures that can be made
79
define hydrocarbon
composed of only carbon and hydrogen
80
define isomer
has the same molecular formula but different structures
81
list the 6 important chemical groups of organic molecules
- hydroxyl group - carbonyl group - carboxyl group - amino group - phosphate group - amethyl group
82
define functional group
gives organic molecules specific chemical properties
83
define macro molecule
very large molecules
84
define polymer
a molecule made from identical or similar building blocks strung together (monomer)
85
define monomer
the building blocks of polymersd
86
describe the role of a dehydration reaction and a hydrolysis reaction
dehydration reactions help the polymers get formed because of monomers linking together, hydrolysis breaks apart polymers
87
what are the role of enzymes
to speed up reactions
88
what is the monomer for carbohydrates
smaller sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
89
define monosaccharides
sugar monomers (carbohydrates)
90
define disaccharides
two monosaccharides linked together
91
define polysaccharides
long chains of sugar units
92
define lipids
diverse hydrophobic, made largely of carbon and hydrogen, creates energy
93
list and describe the 3 types of lipids
- fats: consists of glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids - phospholipids: components of cell membranes - steroids: include cholesterol and some hormones (anabolic/synthetic steroids are bad)
94
define unsaturated fat
contain one or more double bandsd
95
define saturated fats
the maximum number of hydrogens
96
define trans fats
unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
97
describe the chemical structure of proteins and the importance of protein to cells
- found in enzymes, defensive, hormones - involved in nearly every dynamic function in your body and are very diverse - have 20 amino acids(monomers) - function depends on individual dshape
98
define denaturation
when a protein unravels and loses it's shape and function
99
define peptide bonds
when amino acid monomers are linked together
100
explain the 4 levels of structure of a protein
- primary structure: the sequence of amino acids in a protein's polypeptide chain - secondary structure: the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen - tertiary structure: the overall 3- dimensional shape of a polypeptide - quaternary structure: proteins made of more than one polypeptide
101
describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids
made of nucleotides which are made of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
102
compare and contrast DNA and RNA
- DNA: a double helix, has the same 3 bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine but differs with thymine - RNA: single chain, has uracil instead of thymine

Bio 103 mini hybrid (4 decks)

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