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Health Psych > CH 1-4 exam > Flashcards

CH 1-4 exam Flashcards

1
Q

life expectancy in the US (past)

A

50 years

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2
Q

life expectancy in the US (present)

A

80 years

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3
Q

leading causes if death in the past

A

pneumonia
tuberculosis
diarrhea
enteritis
heart disease
-liver disease

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4
Q

what do europeans and african americans die from

A

CVD

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5
Q

what do asians and hispanics die from

A

cancer

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6
Q

contributors to an increase in life expectancy

A

-lowering of infant mortality
-prevention of disease
-healthier lifestyle
-efficient disposal of sewage and better nutrition
- advances in medical care (antibiotics and new surgical technology)

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7
Q

Dr. Sheldon Cohen’s research findings

A

-participants received cold virus and quarantined
-not all participants developed cold
-those that developed cold: more stressful experience
-fewer positive emotions
-less sociable
-less diverse social networks

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8
Q

contributors of poor health

A

-stress
-diet

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9
Q

biomedical model

A

-defines health as absence of disease
-disease seen solely as biological process that is a result of exposure to a pathogen
-spurred development of drugs and technology oriented towards removing pathogens and curing disease

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10
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

-looks at biological, psychological, genetics, physiology, social support, personal control, stress, compliance, personality, poverty, ethnic background, and cultural beliefs

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11
Q

what are 2 advantages of the biopsychosocial model

A

1.) incorporates psychological and social factors
2.) views health as a positive condition

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12
Q

which professions utilize the biopsychosocial model

A

-clinical health psychology
-neurologists

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13
Q

psychosomatic medicine

A

-psychological and emotional factors contribute to physical health problems
-freud: unconscious conflicts contribute to physical symptoms
-cannon: emotions are accompanied by pysiological changes that could cause disease
-Dunbar: relationship between personality type and disease
-benefitted health care by connecting emotional and physical conditions

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14
Q

behavioral psychology

A

-focused on development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness
-uses psychology and behavioral science to achieve better health

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15
Q

placebo

A

-inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of an active treatment

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16
Q

placebo percentage of outcomes in studies

A

35% of treatment effects

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17
Q

nocebo

A

side effect from a placebo

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18
Q

what are the chances of a research participant experiencing a nocebo

A

20%

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19
Q

correlational studies

A

-relationship between 2 variables
-correlations measured by correlation coeeficient
- -1.0 to 1.0

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20
Q

what are the 2 components of correlations

A

1.) strength
2.) direction

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21
Q

strength of a correlation

A
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22
Q

direction of correlation

A
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23
Q

cross sectional studies

A

data collected at one point in time

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24
Q

xperimental designs

A

-compare at least 2 groups to be able to draw cause and effect conclusions
-participants randomly assigned to control and experimentale group

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25
Q

ex post facto design

A

-doesnt involve manipulation of independent variable
-choose participants who already differ on variable of interest

26
Q

prevalence of an illness

A

proportion of the population that has a disease or condition at a specific time

27
Q

epidemiology

A

branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to health or disease
-2 ways to talk about rates of a disease in a population: prevalence and incidence

28
Q

observational

A

retrospective and prospective studies

29
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial

A

used to test a new drug or medical treatment

30
Q

reasons for reasearchers to infer causality without experimental studies

A

dose-response relationship (pg 37)

31
Q

difference between disease and illness

A

disease: the process of physical damage within the body
illness: experience of being sick

32
Q

reliability

A

extent to which measuring instrument yields consistent results

33
Q

validity

A

extent to which an instrument measures what it is designed to measure

34
Q

sick role behavior

A

behavior of a person after diagnosis is received

35
Q

likelihood of neurotic people to see a doctor

A

more likely

36
Q

barriers to health care for impoverished individuals

A

-prevent people from receiving proper care and treatment
-uninsured: those who are single, Native American, hispanic, or latino
-policies fail to cover dental, mental health, glasses

37
Q

when are people less likely to seek medical treatment

A

-poor communication
-limited access

38
Q

uses of alernative health care

A

-herbal healers (part of cultural tradition)
-dissatisfied with traditional medical care
-cheaper

39
Q

outcomes of good doctor patient relationship

A

-satisfied patients
-patients more likely to follow medical advice
-more likely to continue to use medical services and checkups
-less likely to file complaints

40
Q

likelihood of contracting illness after being in hospital for 1+ week

A

likely

41
Q

outcome of hospital personnel monitoring patient adherence

A

-may be physically impossible
-monitoring creates artificial situation and results in higher rates of adherence than normal

42
Q

changes in hospitalization over the past years

A

-surgeries now performed in outpatient basis
-hospital stays shorter
-expanding array of technology available for diagnosis and treatment

43
Q

barriers to patient adherence

A

-financial or practical problems in making and keeping appointments, filling, taking, and refilling prescriptions
-reject prescribed regimen as too difficult, time consuming, expensive, not adequately effective
-treat info as advice instead of regimen
-stop taking meds when symptoms disappear
-optimistic bias: belief that they will be spared negative consequences of nonadherence
-believe personal risks of health condition are lower than average people of their age

44
Q

beneficial social supports to adherence

A

-helps adhere to regimen
-people that are isolated are nonadherent
-those that have interpersonal relationships are more likely to follow medical advice

45
Q

effect of depression on adherence

A

-risk of nonadherence is 3 times greater
-depression relates to lower adherence with people managing chronic illness

46
Q

effect of medication side effects on adherence

A

-bad side effects can cause people not to take the medicine

47
Q

5 factor model of personality domains associated with patient adherence

A

-transtheoretical model
-precontemplation
-contemplation
-preparation
-action
-maintenance

48
Q

non-western cultures and patient adherence

A

-tribal healers and family traditions may lead to low adherence
-poor adherence for individuals less accustomed to western medicine
-Native Hawaiians have more trouble adhering to control diabetes and risk for heart disease
-prefer native healers
-Older Japanese patients adhere more
-trust and respect physicians

49
Q

medication even monitoring system for predictor for survival

A

-micropressor in pill cap that records date and time of every bottle opening and closing
-shows record of usage
-doesnt show high consistency of with self reports of medication usage
-assessment more valid

50
Q

patient self report for predictor for survival

A

-patients tend to report behaviors that make them appear more adherent
-may not know own rate of adherence

51
Q

adherence rate HIV, arthritis

A

high

52
Q

adherence rate pulmonary disease, diabetes

A

low

53
Q

effect of medication dosage on patient adherence

A

-four doses a day: adherence decreases 40%

54
Q

effect of medication dosage on patient adherence

A

-four doses a day: adherence decreases 40%
-two doses a day/cut pills in half: lower adherence rate

55
Q

continuum theories-adherence

A

explain adherence with single set of factors that should apply equally to all people regardless of existing levels or motivations for adhering

56
Q

stage theories of health behavior-adherence

A

-people pass through discrete stages as they attempt to change their behavior
-better describe process by which people change behavior

57
Q

health belief model-quitting smoking

A

-beliefs are important contributors to health behavior
1.) perceived susceptibility to disease or disability
2.) perceived severity of disease or disability
3.) perceived benefits of health enhancing behavior
4.) perceived barriers to health enhancing behaviors
-smoker should believe that smoking increases likelihood of disease: lung cancer/heart disease
-should believe that diseases are serious
-if person doesnt believe that smoking doesnt lead to serious diseases then there would be no motivation to quit
-obvious benefits to quit smoking
-few barriers to quitting

58
Q

behavior model of adherence

A

-principles of operant conditioning
-reinforcement of response that leads to target behavior

59
Q

effect of self efficacy on relapse and adherence

A

adherence: people must believe that the behavior will bring about a valuable outcome and that they can successfully carry out the behavior
-smokers with high self efficacy tend to remain abstinent
-low self efficacy tend to relapse

60
Q

stages of prochaskas transtheoretical model

A

-precontemplation
-contemplation
-preparation
-action
-maintenance

Health Psych (3 decks)

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