CH 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Henry Beecher
-observed effects of placebos
-35% of patients showed improvement
nocebo effect
adverse effects of a placebo
what is a major effect of the placebo effect
expectancy
-culture
how do researchers know a treatment is effective
treatment must show higher rate of effectiveness than a placebo
cross sectional studies
-conducted only at one point in time
-group of people studied from at least 2 different age groups
What is a problem with cross sectional studies
no information about changes in individuals over a period of time
ex post facto design
-contrasts groups to determine differences
-no manipulation of independent variables
epidemiology
branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to health and disease in a particular population
-identifies risk factors
what are 2 important concepts in epidemiology
1.) prevalence
2.) incidence
what are the 2 methods used for research in epidemiology
1.) observational studies
2.) randomized controlled trials
what are 2 observational methods
1.) retrospective studies
2.) prospective studies
retrospective studies
-group of large people already experiencing disease or disorder
-look backward for characteristics that are different from people who don’t have that problem
-cases compared with controls
prospective studies
-start with population of disease free participants
-follow over period of time to determine if given factor is related to later health condition
-longitudinal
what are the methods for conveying risk
1.) absolute risk
2.) relative risk
absolute risk
persons chances of developing a disease or disorder independent of any other risk that other people may have for disease or disorder
relative risk
ration of the incidence of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence of that disease in an exposed group
dose response relationship
direct consistent relationship between independent variable and dependent variable
what do psychologists rely on to conduct research
1.) theoretical models
2.) psychometric instruments
